Background
Methods
Sample
Measures
Age
United States region
Beale urbanicity code
Recent heroin use
Recent prescription opioid use
Data Analysis
Results
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Program Variables (n = 85)
| ||
U.S. Region | ||
Northeast
| 21 | 24.71 |
Southeast
| 33 | 38.82 |
Midwest
| 14 | 16.47 |
West
| 17 | 20.00 |
Beale Urbanicity | ||
Metro Area > 1 million
| 45 | 52.94 |
≥ 250k and < 1 million
| 25 | 29.41 |
< 250k
| 15 | 17.65 |
Enrolee Variables (n = 29114)
| ||
Age | ||
16-19
| 679 | 2.33 |
20-25
| 6614 | 22.72 |
26-29
| 5074 | 17.43 |
30-49
| 7867 | 27.02 |
40-49
| 5760 | 19.78 |
50-59
| 2807 | 9.64 |
60-70
| 313 | 1.08 |
Interview Year† | ||
2005 | 6387 | 21.94 |
2006 | 6502 | 22.33 |
2007 | 4669 | 16.04 |
2008 | 5566 | 19.12 |
2009 | 5983 | 20.55 |
Prescription Only Past 30 Days | 12495 | 42.92 |
Heroin Only Past 30 Days | 8024 | 27.56 |
Prescription & Heroin Past 30 Days | 8595 | 29.52 |
Within-OTP | Between-OTP | |
---|---|---|
Age with Heroin Only
| .07* | .69* |
Age with PO Only
| -.01 | -.61* |
Age with Both Heroin & PO
| -.06* | .28* |
PO & Heroin vs. Heroin Only
|
PO Only vs. Heroin Only
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval
|
Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval
| |||||||
Lower
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Estimate
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Upper
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p
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Lower
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Estimate
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Upper
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p
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Individual Age Within Programs
| ||||||||
20-25 vs. Younger | 0.859 | 0.962 | 1.077 | 0.497 | 1.017 | 1.156 | 1.314 | 0.027 |
26-29 vs. Younger | 0.873 | 0.915 | 0.959 | <.001 | 0.930 | 0.980 | 1.033 | 0.446 |
30-39 vs. Younger | 0.903 | 0.927 | 0.951 | <.001 | 0.948 | 0.976 | 1.004 | 0.093 |
40-49 vs. Younger | 0.913 | 0.931 | 0.948 | <.001 | 0.944 | 0.964 | 0.986 | 0.001 |
50-59 vs. Younger | 0.923 | 0.940 | 0.958 | <.001 | 0.940 | 0.960 | 0.981 | <.001 |
60-70 vs. Younger | 0.888 | 0.926 | 0.965 | <.001 | 0.927 | 0.973 | 1.021 | 0.269 |
Interview Year
| ||||||||
2006 vs. 2005 | 0.869 | 0.959 | 1.058 | 0.403 | 1.042 | 1.167 | 1.307 | 0.007 |
2007 vs. 2005 | 0.978 | 1.091 | 1.217 | 0.119 | 1.164 | 1.317 | 1.489 | <.001 |
2008 vs. 2005 | 1.864 | 2.071 | 2.300 | <.001 | 1.962 | 2.215 | 2.500 | <.001 |
2009 vs. 2005 | 1.933 | 2.146 | 2.382 | <.001 | 2.134 | 2.404 | 2.708 | <.001 |
Beale Urbanicity
| ||||||||
Medium vs. High Density | 1.883 | 2.130 | 2.410 | <.001 | 2.783 | 3.155 | 3.578 | <.001 |
Low vs. High Density | 2.837 | 3.792 | 5.067 | <.001 | 4.706 | 6.220 | 8.221 | <.001 |
U.S. Region
| ||||||||
Southeast vs. Northeast | 2.093 | 2.468 | 2.911 | <.001 | 15.955 | 18.867 | 22.310 | <.001 |
Midwest vs. Northeast | 3.092 | 3.750 | 4.548 | <.001 | 9.259 | 11.281 | 13.745 | <.001 |
West vs. Northeast | 0.899 | 0.997 | 1.105 | 0.954 | 2.241 | 2.526 | 2.846 | <.001 |
PO & Heroin vs. Heroin Only
|
PO Only vs. Heroin Only
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval
|
Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval
| |||||||
Lower
|
Estimate
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Upper
|
p
|
Lower
|
Estimate
|
Upper
|
p
| |
OTP Average Age
| 0.916 | 0.926 | 0.936 | <.001 | 0.776 | 0.787 | 0.798 | <.001 |
Individual Age Within OTP
| 0.979 | 0.982 | 0.985 | <.001 | 0.984 | 0.988 | 0.991 | <.001 |
Interview Year
| ||||||||
2006 vs. 2005 | 0.878 | 0.970 | 1.071 | 0.548 | 1.038 | 1.161 | 1.299 | 0.009 |
2007 vs. 2005 | 1.012 | 1.130 | 1.262 | 0.030 | 1.152 | 1.302 | 1.471 | <.001 |
2008 vs. 2005 | 1.937 | 2.157 | 2.402 | <.001 | 1.879 | 2.121 | 2.395 | <.001 |
2009 vs. 2005 | 2.000 | 2.227 | 2.479 | <.001 | 2.031 | 2.288 | 2.578 | <.001 |
Beale Urbanicity
| ||||||||
Medium vs. High Density | 2.280 | 2.536 | 2.821 | <.001 | 3.439 | 3.837 | 4.281 | <.001 |
Low vs. High Density | 4.480 | 6.021 | 8.094 | <.001 | 7.443 | 9.924 | 13.230 | <.001 |
U.S. Region
| ||||||||
Southeast vs. Northeast | 1.439 | 1.649 | 1.890 | <.001 | 10.022 | 11.476 | 13.139 | <.001 |
Midwest vs. Northeast | 1.432 | 1.857 | 2.407 | <.001 | 3.937 | 5.102 | 6.612 | <.001 |
West vs. Northeast | 0.794 | 0.865 | 0.942 | 0.001 | 1.931 | 2.141 | 2.374 | <.001 |