nach oben

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Erschienen in:

01.03.2011 | Original Article

An analysis of performance in human locomotion

verfasst von: Guido Ferretti, Aurélien Bringard, Renza Perini

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 3/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This paper reports an analysis of the principles underlying human performances on the basis of the work initiated by Pietro Enrico di Prampero. Starting from the concept that the maximal speed that can be attained over a given distance with a given locomotion mode is directly proportional to the maximal sustainable power and inversely proportional to the energy cost of locomotion, we discuss the maximal powers (and capacities) of anaerobic (lactic and alactic) and aerobic metabolisms and the factors that limit them, and the factors affecting the energy cost of various locomotion modes. Special attention is given to the role of air resistance and frictional forces. Finally, computation of performance speed is discussed along the approach originally developed by di Prampero.

In 1740, Johann Sebastian Bach, starting from a clavier theme, wrote 30 celebrated variations known as the Goldberg variations. Starting from a biophysical theme (the oxygen conductance equations), physiologists were able to create and write only two variations (Wagner’s and di Prampero’s on oxygen flow limitation). According to some wise men, this demonstrates the inferiority of physiology to music.

Binzoni T, Ferretti G, Schenker K, Cerretelli P (1992) Phosphocreatine hydrolysis by ³¹P-NMR at the onset of constant-load exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 73:1644–1649PubMed

Blom PC, Vøllestad NK, Costill DL (1986) Factors affecting changes in muscle glycogen concentration during and after prolonged exercise. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 556:67–74PubMed

Bottinelli R (2001) Functional heterogeneity of mammalian single muscle fibres: do myosin isoforms tell the whole story? Pflugers Arch 443:6–17PubMed

Bringard A, Pogliaghi S, Adami A, De Roia G, Lador F, Lucini D, Pizzinelli P, Capelli C, Ferretti G (2010) Cardiovascular determinants of maximal oxygen consumption in upright and supine posture at the end of prolonged bed rest in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2010.03.018

Brink-Elfegoun T, Kaijser L, Gustafsson T, Ekblom B (2007) Maximal oxygen uptake is not limited by a central nervous system governor. J Appl Physiol 102:781–786PubMed

Brückner JC, Atchou G, Capelli C, Duvallet A, Barrault D, Jousselin E, Rieu M, di Prampero PE (1991) The energy cost of running increases with the distance covered. Eur J Appl Physiol 62:385–389

Capelli C (1999) Physiological determinants of best performances in human locomotion. Eur J Appl Physiol 80:298–307

Capelli C, di Prampero PE (1995) Effects of altitude on top speeds during 1 h unaccompanied cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 71:469–471

Capelli C, Rosa G, Butti F, Ferretti G, Veicsteinas A, di Prampero PE (1993) Energy cost and efficiency of riding aerodynamic bicycles. Eur J Appl Physiol 65:144–149

Carlson FD, Siger A (1960) The creatine phosphoryltransfer reaction in iodoacetate poisoned muscle. J Gen Physiol 43:301–313

Celentano F, Cortili G, di Prampero PE, Cerretelli P (1974) Mechanical aspects of rowing. J Appl Physiol 36:642–647PubMed

Cerretelli P (1980) Gas exchange at high altitude. In: West JB (ed) Pulmonary gas exchange. Volume II: Oxygen and environment. Academic Press, New York, pp 97–147

Cerretelli P, di Prampero PE (1987) Gas exchange in exercise. In: Farhi LE, Tenney SM (eds) Handbook of physiology. The respiratory system III. Vol 4: Gas exchange. The American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD, pp 297–339

Cerretelli P, Margaria R (1961) Maximum oxygen consumption at altitude. Int Z Angew Physiol 18:460–464PubMed

Chatard JC, Wilson B (2008) Effect of fast skin suits on performance, drag, and energy cost of swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:1149–1154PubMed

Crielaard JM, Pirnay F (1981) Anaerobic and aerobic power of top athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 47:295–300

Dempsey JA, Wagner PD (1999) Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol 87:1997–2006PubMed

Dempsey JA, Hanson PG, Henderson KS (1984) Exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia in healthy human subjects at sea level. J Physiol Lond 355:161–175PubMed

di Prampero PE (1981) Energetics of muscular exercise. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 89:143–222PubMed

di Prampero PE (1985a) Metabolic and circulatory limitations to VO₂max at the whole animal level. J Exp Biol 115:319–331PubMed

di Prampero PE (1985b) La locomozione umana su terra, in acqua, in aria: fatti e teorie. Edi Ermes, Milano

di Prampero PE (1986) The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. Int J Sports Med 7:55–72PubMed

di Prampero PE (2000) Cycling on earth, in space, on the moon. Eur J Appl Physiol 82:345–360PubMed

di Prampero PE (2003) Factors limiting maximal human performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 90:420–429PubMed

di Prampero PE, Ferretti G (1990) Factors limiting maximal oxygen consumption in humans. Respir Physiol 80:113–128PubMed

di Prampero PE, Ferretti G (1999) The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism: a reappraisal of older and recent concepts. Respir Physiol 118:103–115PubMed

di Prampero PE, Cerretelli P, Piiper J (1969) O₂ consumption and metabolite balance in the dog gastrocnemius at rest and during exercise. Pflügers Arch 309:38–47PubMed

di Prampero PE, Cortili G, Celentano F, Cerretelli P (1971) Physiological aspects of rowing. J Appl Physiol 31:853–857PubMed

di Prampero PE, Pendergast DR, Wilson DW, Rennie DW (1974) Energetics of swimming in man. J Appl Physiol 37:1–5PubMed

di Prampero PE, Mognoni P, Cortili G, Saibene F (1976) The energy cost of speed skating and the efficiency of work against the air resistance. J Appl Physiol 40:584–591PubMed

di Prampero PE, Cortili G, Mognoni P, Saibene F (1979) Equation of motion of a cyclist. J Appl Physiol 47:201–206PubMed

di Prampero PE, Atchou G, Brückner JC, Moia C (1986) The energetics of endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol 55:259–266

di Prampero PE, Capelli C, Pagliaro P, Antonutto G, Girardis M, Zamparo P, Soule GR (1993) Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running. J Appl Physiol 74:2318–2324PubMed

di Prampero PE, Fusi S, Sepulcri L, Morin JB, Belli A, Antonutto G (2005) Sprint running: a new energetic approach. J Exp Biol 208:2809–2816PubMed

Ekblom B, Åstrand PO, Saltin B, Stenberg J, Wallström B (1968) Effect of training on circulatory response to exercise. J Appl Physiol 25:619–625PubMed

Esposito F, Ferretti G (1997) The effects of breathing He–O₂ mixtures on maximal oxygen consumption in normoxic and hypoxic men. J Physiol Lond 503:215–221PubMed

Ferretti G (1990) On maximal oxygen consumption in hypoxic humans. Experientia 46:1188–1194PubMed

Ferretti G, Capelli C (2008) Dagli abissi allo spazio. Cap.1: Ambiente esercizio, massime prestazioni nell’uomo. Edi Ermes, Milano, pp 1–38

Ferretti G, di Prampero PE (1995) Factors limiting maximal O₂ consumption: effects of acute changes in ventilation. Respir Physiol 99:259–271PubMed

Ferretti G, Gussoni M, di Prampero PE, Cerretelli P (1987) Effects of exercise on maximal instantaneous muscular power of humans. J Appl Physiol 62:2288–2294PubMed

Ferretti G, Antonutto G, Denis C, Hoppeler H, Minetti AE, Narici MV, Desplanches D (1997a) The interplay of central and peripheral factors in limiting maximal O₂ consumption in man: the effects of prolonged bed rest. J Physiol Lond 501:677–686PubMed

Ferretti G, Moia C, Thomet JM, Kayser B (1997b) The decrease of maximal oxygen consumption during hypoxia in man: a mirror image of the oxygen equilibrium curve. J Physiol Lond 498:231–237PubMed

Francescato MP, Cettolo V, di Prampero PE (2003) Relationship between mechanical power, O₂ consumption, O₂ deficit and high energy phosphates during calf exercise in humans. Pflugers Arch 445:622–628PubMed

Grassi B, Ferretti G, Kayser B, Marzorati M, Colombini A, Marconi C, Cerretelli P (1995) Maximal rate of blood lactate accumulation during exercise at altitude in humans. J Appl Physiol 79:331–339PubMed

Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B (1967) Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 71:129–139PubMed

Hill AV (1925) The physiological basis of athletic records. Nature 116:544–548

Hoppeler H, Howald H, Conley KE, Lindstedt SL, Claassen H, Vock P, Weibel ER (1985) Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 59:320–327PubMed

Knight DR, Schaffartzik W, Poole DC, Hogan MC, Bebout DE, Wagner PD (1993) Effects of hyperoxia on maximal leg O₂ supply and utilization in men. J Appl Physiol 75:2586–2594PubMed

Lacour JR, Bouvat E, Barthélémy JC (1990) Post-competition blood lactate concentrations as indicators of anaerobic energy expenditure during 400-m and 800-m races. Eur J Appl Physiol 61:172–176

Levine BD (2008) VO₂max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? J Physiol Lond 586:25–34PubMed

Lloyd BB (1966) The energetics of running: an analysis of world records. Adv Sci 103:515–530

Margaria R, Cerretelli P, Mangili F (1964) Balance and kinetics of anaerobic energy release during strenuous exercise in man. J Appl Physiol 19:623–628PubMed

Minetti AE, Pinkerton J, Zamparo P (2001) From bipedalism to bicyclism: evolution in energetics and biomechanics of historic bicycles. Proc R Soc Lond B 268:1351–1360

Nielsen HB, Bredmose PP, Strømstad M, Volianitis S, Quistorff B, Secher NH (2002) Bicarbonate attenuates arterial desaturation during maximal exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 93:724–731PubMed

Osnes JB, Hermansen L (1972) Acid base balance after maximal exercise of short duration. J Appl Physiol 32:59–63PubMed

Padilla S, Bourdin M, Barthélémy JC, Lacour JR (1992) Physiological correlates of middle-distance running performance. A comparative study between men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 65:561–566

Pendergast DR, di Prampero PE, Craig AB, Rennie DW, Wilson DW (1977) Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women. J Appl Physiol 43:474–479

Péronnet F, Thibault G (1989) Mathematical analysis of running performance and world running records. J Appl Physiol 67:453–465PubMed

Péronnet F, Thibault G, Cousineau DL (1991) A theoretical analysis of the effect of altitude on running performance. J Appl Physiol 70:399–404PubMed

Piiper J, Scheid P (1981) Model for capillary-alveolar equilibration with special reference to O₂ uptake in hypoxia. Respir Physiol 46:193–208PubMed

Richardson RS, Kennedy B, Knight DR, Wagner PD (1995a) High muscle blood flows are not attenuated by recruitment of additional muscle mass. Am J Physiol 269:H1545–H1552PubMed

Richardson RS, Knight DR, Poole DC, Kurdak SS, Hogan MC, Grassi B, Wagner PD (1995b) Determinants of maximal exercise VO₂ during single leg knee-extensor exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 268:H1453–H1461PubMed

Roi GS, Giacometti M, von Duvillard SP (1999) Marathons in altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:723–728PubMed

Sahlin K, Harris RC, Hultman E (1975) Creatine kinase equilibrium and lactate content compared with muscle pH in tissue samples obtained after isometric exercise. Biochem J 152:173–180PubMed

Saibene F, Minetti AE (2003) Biomechanical and physiological aspects of legged locomotion. Eur J Appl Physiol 88:297–316PubMed

Schaffartzik W, Barton ED, Poole DC, Tsukimoto K, Hogan MC, Bebout DE, Wagner PD (1993) Effect of reduced hemoglobin concentration on leg oxygen uptake during maximal exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 75:491–498PubMed

Scherrer J, Monod H (1960) Le travail musculaire local et la fatigue chez l’homme. J Physiol Paris 52:419–501PubMed

Taylor CR, Heglund NC (1982) Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. Annu Rev Physiol 44:97–107PubMed

Taylor CR, Weibel ER (1981) Design of the mammalian respiratory system. I. Problem and strategy. Respir Physiol 44:1–10PubMed

Wagner PD (1992) Gas exchange and peripheral diffusion limitation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:54–58PubMed

Wagner PD (1993) Algebraic analysis of the determinants of VO₂max. Respir Physiol 93:221–237PubMed

West PD, Lahiri S, Maret KH, Peters RM, Pizzo CJ Jr (1983) Barometric pressures at extreme altitudes on Mount Everest: physiological significance. J Appl Physiol 54:1188–1194PubMed

Wilkie DR (1980) Equations describing power input by humans as a function of duration of exercise. In: Cerretelli P, Whipp BJ (eds) Exercise bioenergetics and gas exchange. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 75–80

Zamparo P, Capelli C, Pendergast D (2010) Energetics of swimming: a historical perspective. Eur J Appl Physiol. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1433-7

Titel: An analysis of performance in human locomotion
verfasst von: Guido Ferretti
Aurélien Bringard
Renza Perini
Publikationsdatum: 01.03.2011
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1482-y

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Elterliches Belastungserleben, Unaufmerksamkeits‑/Hyperaktivitätssymptome und elternberichtete ADHS bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ergebnisse aus der KiGGS-Studie

Open Access ADHS Leitthema

Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‑/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) ist eine der häufigsten psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter [ 1 ]. In Deutschland beträgt die Prävalenz einer elternberichteten ADHS-Diagnose bei Kindern und Jugendlichen 4,4 % …

Substanzkonsum und Nutzung von sozialen Medien, Computerspielen und Glücksspielen unter Auszubildenden an beruflichen Schulen

Open Access Leitthema

Die Begrenzung von Schäden durch Substanzkonsum und andere abhängige Verhaltensweisen von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen ist ein wichtiges Anliegen der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Der Übergang von der Adoleszenz zum jungen Erwachsenenalter ist …

Berufsbelastung und Stressbewältigung von weiblichen und männlichen Auszubildenden

Leitthema

In der Öffentlichkeit wird die berufliche Ausbildung oftmals unter ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten diskutiert: Mit den geburtenstarken Jahrgängen gehen erfahrene Fachkräfte in Rente und von nachfolgenden Generationen rücken zu wenige Arbeitskräfte …

Rauschtrinken in der frühen Adoleszenz

COVID-19 Leitthema

Alkohol ist in Deutschland die mit Abstand am häufigsten konsumierte psychoaktive Substanz. Mehr als 2 Drittel aller Erwachsenen im Alter von 18 bis 64 Jahren (70,5 %) hat 2021 in den letzten 30 Tagen Alkohol konsumiert [ 1 ]. Von diesen …

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2011

Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth

Syncope is unrelated to supine and postural hypotension following prolonged exercise

Effects of plyometric training on both active and passive parts of the plantarflexors series elastic component stiffness of muscle–tendon complex

The energetics of cycling on Earth, Moon and Mars

Impact of chronic intermittent external compressions on forearm blood flow capacity in humans

Erratum to: Algorithms, modelling and $$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$ kinetics

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Elterliches Belastungserleben, Unaufmerksamkeits‑/Hyperaktivitätssymptome und elternberichtete ADHS bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ergebnisse aus der KiGGS-Studie

Substanzkonsum und Nutzung von sozialen Medien, Computerspielen und Glücksspielen unter Auszubildenden an beruflichen Schulen

Berufsbelastung und Stressbewältigung von weiblichen und männlichen Auszubildenden

Rauschtrinken in der frühen Adoleszenz