Erschienen in:
01.03.2011 | Original Article
Energetics of swimming: a historical perspective
verfasst von:
P. Zamparo, C. Capelli, D. Pendergast
Erschienen in:
European Journal of Applied Physiology
|
Ausgabe 3/2011
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Abstract
The energy cost to swim a unit distance (C
sw) is given by the ratio \( \dot{E}/v \) where \( \dot{E} \) is the net metabolic power and v is the swimming speed. The contribution of the aerobic and anaerobic energy sources to \( \dot{E} \) in swimming competitions is independent of swimming style, gender or skill and depends essentially upon the duration of the exercise. C
sw is essentially determined by the hydrodynamic resistance (W
d): the higher W
d the higher C
sw; and by the propelling efficiency (η
P): the higher η
P the lower C
sw. Hence, all factors influencing W
d and/or η
P result in proportional changes in C
sw. Maximal metabolic power \( (\dot{E}_{\max } ) \) and C
sw are the main determinants of swimming performance; an improvement in a subject’s best performance time can more easily be obtained by a reduction of C
sw rather than by an (equal) increase in \( \dot{E}_{\max } \) (in either of its components, aerobic or anaerobic). These sentences, which constitute a significant contribution to today’s knowledge about swimming energetics, are based on the studies that Professor Pietro Enrico di Prampero and his co-workers carried out since the 1970s. This paper is devoted to examine how this body of work helped to improve our understanding of this fascinating mode of locomotion.