Introduction
Method
Ethics
Study design and setting
Participants
Measures
Demographic information
Screening measures
Procedure
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study sample
Characteristic | Total sample, % (n) | Males, % (n) | Females, % (n) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
18–20 | 4.1 (19) | 4.1 (14) | 3.8 (5) |
21–30 | 34.8 (163) | 36.7 (124) | 29.8 (39) |
31–40 | 28.6 (134) | 27.5 (93) | 31.3 (41) |
41–50 | 19.4 (91) | 18.0 (61) | 22.9 (30) |
51–60 | 9.6 (45) | 9.8 (33) | 9.2 (12) |
61 and above | 3.6 (17) | 3.8 (13) | 3.1 (4) |
Ethnicitya | |||
Asian | 6.0 (28) | 6.6 (22) | 4.6 (6) |
Black Caribbean | 6.8 (32) | 7.7 (26) | 4.6 (6) |
Black African | 7.2 (34) | 7.1 (24) | 7.6 (10) |
Mixed race | 7.2 (34) | 5.6 (19) | 11.5 (15) |
White UK/Irish | 58.0 (272) | 57.1 (193) | 60.3 (79) |
White other | 8.7 (41) | 10.0 (34) | 5.3 (7) |
Other | 5.7 (27) | 5.6 (19) | 6.2 (8) |
Qualificationsb | |||
No qualifications | 27.9 (131) | 29.3 (99) | 24.4 (32) |
Fifth form level | 34.8 (163) | 34.9 (118) | 34.4 (45) |
Sixth form level | 26.6 (125) | 26.6 (90) | 26.7 (35) |
Bachelor degree or above | 10.2 (48) | 8.9 (30) | 13.8 (18) |
Index offencec | |||
Violent | 33.9 (159) | 33.8 (114) | 34.4 (45) |
Non-violent | 5.5 (26) | 5.6 (19) | 5.3 (7) |
Property damage/arson | 1.7 (8) | 0.6 (2) | 4.6 (6) |
Substance related offences | 23.2 (109) | 24.0 (81) | 21.4 (28) |
Acquisitive/fraud | 24.9 (117) | 23.9 (81) | 27.5 (36) |
Terrorism | 0.6 (3) | 0.9 (3) | 0.0 (0) |
Sexual offences | 7.2 (34) | 9.5 (32) | 1.5 (2) |
Civil offences | 0.4 (2) | 0.3 (1) | 0.8 (1) |
Immigration | 0.2 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.8 (1) |
Prison related offences | 0.2 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.8 (1) |
Sentence | |||
Remand | 9.8 (46) | 8.9 (30) | 12.2 (16) |
Sentenced | 90.2 (423) | 91.1 (308) | 87.8 (115) |
Psychiatric history | |||
Previous contact mental health services | 48.8 (229) | 43.5 (147) | 62.6 (82) |
Prior engagement with psychiatric services
Diagnoses | Overall sample, % (n), N = 199 | Males, % (n), N = 117 | Females, % (n), N = 82 |
χ
2
|
p
| Effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personality disorder | 26.5 (51) | 20.0 (22) | 35.4 (29) | 6.94 | 0.008* | 0.187 |
Anxiety disorder | 27.1 (52) | 26.3 (29) | 28.0 (23) | 0.27 | 0.606 | 0.037 |
Mood disorder | 58.8 (117) | 51.8 (57) | 73.2 (60) | 11.90 | 0.001* | 0.245 |
PTSD | 19.8 (38) | 20.9 (23) | 18.3 (15) | 0.06 | 0.809 | 0.017 |
Psychotic disorder | 9.9 (19) | 13.6 (15) | 4.9 (4) | – | 0.085a | 0.133 |
Brain injury | 0.5 (1) | 0.9 (1) | 0.0 (0) | – | 1.00a | 0.401 |
Autism spectrum conditions | 3.7 (7) | 5.4 (6) | 1.2 (1) | – | 0.243a | 0.104 |
Learning disability | 1.0 (2) | 1.8 (2) | 0.0 (0) | – | 0.513a | 0.084 |
ADHD | 14.6 (28) | 20.0 (22) | 7.3 (6) | 5.26 | 0.022* | 0.163 |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 5.7 (11) | 1.8 (2) | 11.0 (9) | – | 0.009*a | 0.200 |
Dementia | 1.0 (2) | 0.9 (1) | 1.2 (1) | – | 1.00a | 0.018 |
Eating disorder | 3.6 (7) | 0.0 (0) | 8.5 (7) | – | 0.002*a | 0.228 |
Current mental disorder
Contact with mental health services
Screening measure outcomes
Disorder | Total sample, % (n) | Males, % (n) | Females, % (n) |
χ
2
|
p
| Effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any Personality Disorder
| 54.8 (257) | 49.4 (167) | 68.7 (90) | 20.62 | 0.000* | 0.217 |
Schizoid | 21.3 (100) | 19.8 (67) | 25.2 (33) | 2.32 | 0.128 | 0.073 |
Avoidant | 19.0 (89) | 15.4 (52) | 28.2 (37) | 11.93 | 0.001* | 0.165 |
Depressive | 28.1 (132) | 26.3 (89) | 32.8 (43) | 2.91 | 0.88 | 0.082 |
Dependent | 16.6 (78) | 13.9 (47) | 23.7 (31) | 7.74 | 0.005* | 0.133 |
Histrionic | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | – | – | – |
Narcissistic | 11.1 (52) | 10.1 (34) | 13.7 (18) | 1.71 | 0.192 | 0.063 |
Antisocial | 19.0 (89) | 19.2 (65) | 18.3 (24) | 0.001 | 0.981 | 0.001 |
Sadistic | 8.1 (38) | 7.1 (24) | 10.7 (14) | 2.02 | 0.156 | 0.068 |
Compulsive | 0.4 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 1.5 (2) | – | 0.073a | 0.111 |
Negativistic | 20.7 (97) | 18.9 (64) | 25.2 (33) | 3.06 | 0.080 | 0.084 |
Masochistic | 22.4 (105) | 13.9 (47) | 44.3 (58) | 55.62 | 0.000* | 0.357 |
Schizotypal | 14.3 (67) | 11.5 (39) | 21.4 (28) | 8.70 | 0.003* | 0.141 |
Borderline | 20.5 (96) | 17.2 (58) | 29.0 (38) | 9.77 | 0.002* | 0.150 |
Paranoid | 19.4 (91) | 16.3 (55) | 27.5 (36) | 9.10 | 0.003* | 0.144 |
Clinical Syndromes
| ||||||
Anxiety | 36.2 (170) | 37.0 (125) | 34.4 (45) | 0.15 | 0.701 | 0.018 |
Somatoform | 8.3 (39) | 6.2 (21) | 13.7 (18) | 7.91 | 0.005* | 0.135 |
Mood disorders | 24.5 (115) | 20.4 (69) | 35.1 (46) | 13.24 | 0.000* | 0.174 |
Problematic alcohol use | 55.9 (262) | 59.5 (201) | 46.6 (61) | 6.55 | 0.010* | 0.118 |
Drug dependence | 34.8 (163) | 34.6 (117) | 35.11 (46) | 0.01 | 0.919 | 0.005 |
PTSD | 16.4 (77) | 13.9 (47) | 22.9 (30) | 6.71 | 0.010* | 0.124 |
Psychotic disorders | 18.1 (85) | 13.9 (47) | 29.0 (38) | 16.65 | 0.000* | 0.195 |
Eating disorders | 19.6 (92) | 15.1 (51) | 31.3 (41) | 14.95 | 0.000* | 0.180 |
Risk of suicidal behaviours | 27.3 (128) | 23.1 (78) | 38.2 (50) | 10.71 | 0.001* | 0.151 |
Comorbidity
Met and unmet mental health need
Disorder | Contact mental health services |
χ
2
|
p
| Effect size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample, % (n) | Male, % (n) | Female, % (n) | ||||
Personality disorder | 33.2 (85) | 24.1 (48) | 41.6 (37) | 4.31 | 0.038* | 0.130 |
Anxiety | 38.8 (66) | 35.2 (44) | 48.9 (22) | 2.61 | 0.106 | 0.124 |
Somatoform | 48.7 (19) | 42.9 (9) | 55.6 (10) | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.127 |
Mood disorders | 41.7 (48) | 36.2 (25) | 50.0 (23) | 2.15 | 0.142 | 0.137 |
Problematic alcohol use | 25.3 (66) | 21.9 (44) | 36.7 (22) | 5.34 | 0.021* | 0.143 |
Drug dependence | 34.6 (56) | 29.1 (34) | 48.9 (22) | 5.65 | 0.017* | 0.187 |
PTSD | 54.5 (42) | 44.7 (21) | 70.0 (21) | 4.74 | 0.030* | 0.248 |
Psychotic disorders | 45.9 (39) | 38.3 (18) | 55.3 (21) | 2.44 | 0.119 | 0.169 |
Eating disorders | 37.4 (34) | 27.5 (14) | 50.0 (20) | 4.87 | 0.027* | 0.231 |
Risk of suicidal behaviours | 49.6 (63) | 41.0 (32) | 63.3 (31) | 5.95 | 0.015* | 0.217 |