The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has published several diabetes treatment algorithms, but none have been tested in real-life settings. The aim of this study is to analyze the feasibility of achieving and/or maintaining HbA1c levels <7.0% using current diabetes treatment guidelines and the resources available in the public health care system of Brazil.
Methods
A one-year, single-arm interventional study was conducted with type 2 diabetes patients in a primary care unit. Intervention consisted of intensification of lifestyle changes and sequential prescription of drugs based on ADA guidelines using the medications available through the publicly funded Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS).
Results
Ninety patients (age: 62.7±10.4 years; diabetes duration: 8.2±9.1 years) completed the trial. During the intervention period, increases were observed in number of oral antidiabetic agent (OAD) classes per patient (1.50±0.74 vs. 1.67±0.7; p=0.015), OAD pills per patient (2.64±1.89 vs. 3.33±2.23 pills/patient; p <0.001), insulin dosage (0.20±0.29 vs.0.50±0.36 UI/kg/day; p=0.008) and number of patients on insulin (19 [21%] vs. 31 [34%]; p<0.01), but no improvement in HbA1c (7.2±1.6% vs. 7.3±1.5%; p=0.453) or frequency of patients on target, defined as HbA1c <7% (53.3% vs. 48.9%; p=0.655). Patients with baseline HbA1c <7% had a small increase in HbA1c during the trial (6.3±0.4 vs. 6.7±0.9%; p=0.002). No such change was observed in those with baseline HbA1c ≥7%.
Conclusions
In this group of patients with a mean baseline HbA1c of 7.2%, implementation of 2006/2009 ADA/EASD guidelines led to achievement of the therapeutic goal of HbA1c <7% in a small proportion of patients.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1758-5996-4-47) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interest
Nothing to declare.
Authors’ contributions
LVV researched data and drafted the manuscript. MFG, EPPCR and JKB researched data. CBL, RF and JLG reviewed/edited the manuscript and contributed to discussion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Introduction
Both the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) have published algorithms for management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes [1, 2]. According to these algorithms, the first step of diabetes treatment should consist of lifestyle intervention plus metformin. If optimal glycemic control is not achieved, step two consists of addition of either a sulphonylurea or basal insulin. These recommendations have not, however, been tested in real-life settings. In Brazil, most patients with type 2 diabetes are treated at primary care clinics and have access to metformin, sulfonylureas, and NPH insulin, which are provided free of charge by the public health care system, the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze whether an HbA1c level of <7.0% can be achieved and maintained in patients with type 2 diabetes treated at a primary care clinic in accordance with ADA/EASD guidelines.
Research design and methods
Study design and setting
This one-year, open-label, uncontrolled, single-arm interventional study was conducted at a primary care clinic located in the metropolitan area of the city of Porto Alegre. This clinic is managed by Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, a university hospital and reference center, and is responsible for the care of approximately 40,000 patients.
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The study protocol was approved by the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Research Ethics Committee and registered in the Clinical Trial Protocol Registration System (ID 06260). All patients provided written informed consent.
Patients
Consecutive adult (age >18 years) patients with type 2 diabetes who attended the primary care clinic regularly during the 6 months preceding the screening visit were invited to take part in the study. The exclusion criteria were: history of active infection (e.g. osteomyelitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, AIDS); chronic corticosteroid use; unstable angina or myocardial infarction in the last 3 months; advanced renal disease (requiring renal replacement therapy); heart failure (New York Heart Association class III and IV); cirrhosis; alcohol or illicit drug use; dementia; current pregnancy or lactation; and current cancer or any disease that might affect survival during the next 5 years.
Baseline evaluation
At baseline, patients underwent an evaluation consisting of a standard history and physical examination. Patients were classified as current smokers or nonsmokers. Ethnicity was self-reported as white or nonwhite. Past medical history was evaluated clinically. Microalbuminuria was defined by an albumin level >17 mg/L on a random spot urine sample [3]. Cerebrovascular disease was defined by the presence of a history of stroke and/or findings consistent with sequelae of stroke. Heart disease was defined by a history of myocardial infarction, angina or heart failure and, when available, diagnosed directly by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and coronary angiography. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula [weight (kg)/height2 (m)].
Blood pressure was measured twice during each visit, with patients in the sitting position and after a 10-minute rest, with an OMRON HEM-720 Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure levels ≥140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs.
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Interventions
The study comprised 3 stages: a run-in period (3 months), the drug intervention period (6 months) and the stabilization period (2-3 months), and was conducted by an endocrinologist (LVV) and a generalist nurse (MFG). Eligible patients underwent an interview, clinical examination and laboratory workup (glucose, HbA1c [HPLC], lipid profile, liver function tests, creatinine and spot urine albumin). Lifestyle modification advice was provided in a 1-hour appointment during the first study visit, and a folder containing a diet plan and recommendation of at least 150 minutes of physical exercise per week was given to each patient. During the run-in period, patients received a glucose monitoring device and test strips and given guidance on how to use the device and record measurement results. Patients were asked to carry out fasting blood glucose monitoring (before breakfast), but only three times per week due to economic constraints. Patients returned to the primary care clinic for monthly follow-up and reminders of dietary guidance and the importance of exercise and adherence to current medications. During the intervention period, participants visited the clinic once monthly for weight and blood pressure checks and review of the results of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). The goal was to achieve fasting capillary blood glucose levels (as measured by SMBG) in the range of 90 to 130 mg/dL. If mean SMGB values were higher than 130 mg/dL, medications were added in the following sequence: metformin; glibenclamide; and NPH insulin, initially at bedtime and, if goals were still not met, before breakfast as well, according to the 2006 Diabetes Treatment Algorithm [1]. Medications were started at the lowest manufacturer-recommended dose and doses were increased to the maximum tolerated level at monthly intervals, as guided by SMBG. Another class of glucose-lowering medication was added after the maximum dose was reached. HbA1c was measured every 3 to 4 months for further adjustment of diabetes medications. The last 2–3 months of the study (stabilization period) were used to observe whether participants’ HbA1c levels had stabilized after the treatment modifications performed during the intervention period. Throughout the study period, patients received standard medical care at the primary care clinic for any adverse events or other concomitant illnesses.
The study endpoints were change in HbA1c after the intervention and the proportion of patients achieving and/or maintaining an HbA1c of < 7% during 1-year follow-up.
Statistical analysis
Results are expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or N (%). Student’s t test, the Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test were used for comparisons. Multivariate logistical analyses were performed to determine which factors were associated with HbA1c >7% (dependent variable). Independent variables were selected on the basis of their significance on univariate analyses and/or biological relevance. Sample size was calculated considering a 0.5% reduction in HbA1c with 1.5% SD. P values <0.05 (two-sided) were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed in SPSS 15.0 (Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
A total of 116 patients agreed to take part in the study, but 26 did not complete the trial: 3 withdrew consent, 16 were lost to follow-up, 2 died, 1 suffered a stroke with significant sequelae, and 4 developed cancer. These participants did not differ from those who completed the trial in terms of age, duration of diabetes, gender distribution, ethnicity, or baseline HbA1c. Ninety patients (age: 62.7±10.4 years, women: 57.8%, whites: 78.9%, diabetes duration: 8.2±9.1 years, BMI: 29.8±4.9 kg/m2, systolic blood pressure: 144.3±22.7 mmHg) completed the trial (Table1).
Table 1
Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients included in the study
Baseline
N
90
Age (years)
62.7 ± 10.4
White ethnicity
71 (78.9%)
Women
52 (57.8%)
Diabetes duration (years)
8.2 ± 9.1
Primary care unit attendance (years)
2.1 ± 2.5
Previous cardiovascular event
21 (23.3%)
Current Smoking
13 (14.4%)
Hypertension
79 (89.8%)
SBP (mmHg)
144.3 ± 22.7
DBP (mmHg)
79.4 ± 10.7
BMI (kg/m2)
29.8 ± 4.9
Using statin
45 (50%)
Using aspirin
55 (61.1%)
Microalbuminuria
20 (23.8%)
Treatment Type
Diet only
10 (11.1%)
One oral agent
33 (36.6%)
Metformin
30
Glybenclamide
3
Two oral agents
28 (31.1%)
Insulin use
19 (21.1%)
NPH alone
4
NPH + Metformin
14
NPH + Glybenclamide
0
NPH + Metformin + Glybenclamide
1
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
179.1 ± 41.2
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
47.5 ± 11.8
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
153 (109.0 -216.5)
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
94.9 ± 33.0
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.86± 0.24
HbA1c (%)
7.2 ± 1.6
Data are mean ± SD, number of patients with the characteristic (%).
At enrollment, 10 (11%) patients were treated with dietary measures alone, 30 (33%) with metformin alone, 3 (3%) with a sulphonylurea alone, 28 (31%) with metformin and a sulphonylurea combined, and 19 (21%) were on insulin (4 on insulin alone). During the intervention period, the number of oral agents employed rose (1.50±0.74 vs. 1.67±0.7; p=0.015), as did the pill burden (2.64±1.89 vs. 3.33±2.23 pills/patient; p <0.001). Several patients started insulin therapy, increasing the number of patients on insulin from 19 (21%) to 31 (34%) (p <0.01). There was also a significant increase in mean insulin dosage (0.20±0.29 vs.0.50±0.36 UI/kg/day; p=0.008) in patients who had been on insulin since baseline; despite this increase, no episodes of severe hypoglycemia were reported. At baseline, mean HbA1c was 7.2±1.6%, and no change was observed during the follow-up period (7.30±1.48%; p=0.453; Figure1A). The number of patients with HbA1c within target values was 48 (53.3%) at baseline and 44 (48.9%) at the end of the study (p=0.655). No individual factor could predict final HbA1c ≥7%, except for age at diabetes onset (OR: 0.963; 95%CI 0.930–0.997; p=0.033) and insulin use at baseline (OR: 3.412; 95%CI 1.110–10.491; p=0.032).
Figure 1
HbA1c values during the study: Panel A – General view of the HbA1c in the 90 patients and medication prescribed during the study. Panel B – HbA1c ≥7% and HbA1c <7% behavior throughout the study.
×
Based on the mean of two initial HbA1c measurements (baseline and end of run-in), patients were divided into two groups: HbA1c <7% (n=55, 61%) and HbA1c ≥7% (n=35, 39%). No between-group differences in age, gender, diabetes duration, and BMI were detected. Patients with HbA1c <7% had a significant increase in HbA1c (6.30±0.43 vs. 6.71±0.90%; p=0.002) during the study period, while those with HbA1c ≥7% did not experience such changes (8.6±1.5% vs. 8.3±1.7%; p=0.64) (Figure1B). At the end of the study, 39 (71%) of 55 patients still has HbA1c levels <7%, whereas only 7 (20%) of 35 patients in the baseline HbA1c ≥7% group reached this goal.
Conclusions
In this sample of patients with type 2 diabetes attending a primary care clinic, recommendation of lifestyle modifications and intensification of treatment with traditional antihyperglycemic agents were not enough to decrease HbA1c to (or or maintain A1c at) ADA/EASD goals. It is widely recognized that most antidiabetic treatments fail as monotherapy as time goes by [4, 5], and that administration of additional antihyperglycemic agents, including insulin, enables achievement of HbA1c goals in approximately 50% of patients [6, 7]. In our study, only 16% of patients reached the target of HbA1c <7%, increases in dosage and number of antihyperglycemic agents notwithstanding.
It should be noted that this cohort of patients was relatively well controlled (mean HbA1c 7.2%; 6.1–7.9%), which is far below the expected for DM patients in Brazil. In Brazil, the prevalence of inadequate metabolic control (defined as HbA1c >7%) in the diabetic population is 76% [8], and in the latest countrywide diabetes surveillance study, the median HbA1c of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients was 8.1% [9]. Extrapolation of data from this study requires caution, as it was conducted at a primary care clinic run by a university hospital. Nevertheless, it shows that good glycemic control can be achieved with the resources available in the public health care system through application of international clinical guidelines.
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Baseline HbA1c might be a determinant of glycemic response to antidiabetic therapies [10, 11], and a small reduction in HbA1c could be expected in this sample. Even so, a small increase in HbA1c in patients with HbA1c <7% was observed, whereas no improvement was found in those with higher HbA1c levels at baseline. Since diabetes is a progressive disease, stability of HbA1c levels during the study period can also be considered a partial success.
Limitations of this study include the absence of a control group and the small sample size. In a French study of similarly standardized diabetes care, no improvement in A1c was observed in the interventional group over the course of the trial (7.5±1.8 vs. 7.2±1.5; p=0.1), but deterioration occurred in the control group, resulting in a between-group difference of -0.87% at the end of the trial [12]. Recently, the ADA and EASD published a new patient-centered strategy for management of diabetes. This new protocol still uses the same principles applied in this study, but is less centered on HbA1c targets [13]. On the basis of recent evidence [14, 15], individualization of HbA1c goals seems reasonable, and less strict glycemic control may be achievable with the medications available in the Brazilian Unified Health System.
In conclusion, implementation of the ADA/EASD 2006/2009 guidelines led to achievement of HbA1c <7% in a small proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes. It bears noting that the included patients had good metabolic control—far beyond that of the general Brazilian diabetic population—at baseline. In this group of patients, review of anti-hyperglycemic management strategies, perhaps employing a more aggressive lifestyle intensification strategy [16] and/or including new classes of antidiabetic agents, could ensure optimal blood glucose control.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interest
Nothing to declare.
Authors’ contributions
LVV researched data and drafted the manuscript. MFG, EPPCR and JKB researched data. CBL, RF and JLG reviewed/edited the manuscript and contributed to discussion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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