Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2/2013

01.02.2013 | Stroke (HP Adams Jr, Section Editor)

Aspirin and Clopidogrel for Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

verfasst von: Ruth M. Thomson, David C. Anderson

Erschienen in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Ausgabe 2/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This review examines the role of platelets in ischemic stroke, platelet activation mechanisms, aspirin’s rise as an antithrombotic agent, clopidogrel’s appearance on the stage, a possible role for combination therapy, antiplatelet resistance, practical considerations, and future directions. Reviewed in this chapter are issues central to optimal antiplatelet therapy: efficacy, safety, resistance, and biochemical/laboratory testing. Current guidelines do not recommend combination aspirin and clopidogrel use, however recent research indicates dual antiplatelet therapy with combined aspirin and clopidogrel may have specific roles in secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. A cautious and analytical interpretation of the literature is advised before application of this knowledge to clinical practice. The best recommendation at this time is to follow the published guidelines for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher CM. Observations of the fundus oculi in transient monocular blindness. Neurology. 1959;9:333–47.PubMedCrossRef Fisher CM. Observations of the fundus oculi in transient monocular blindness. Neurology. 1959;9:333–47.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Carter A. Use of anticoagulants in patients with progressive cerebral infarction. Neurology. 1961;11:601–9.PubMedCrossRef Carter A. Use of anticoagulants in patients with progressive cerebral infarction. Neurology. 1961;11:601–9.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker RN, Broward HC, Fang HC. Anticoagulant therapy in cerebral infarction: Report on cooperative study. Neurology. 1962;12:823–35. Baker RN, Broward HC, Fang HC. Anticoagulant therapy in cerebral infarction: Report on cooperative study. Neurology. 1962;12:823–35.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Craven LL. Acetylsalicylic acid: possible preventive of coronary thrombosis. Ann West Med Surg. 1950;4:95–9.PubMed Craven LL. Acetylsalicylic acid: possible preventive of coronary thrombosis. Ann West Med Surg. 1950;4:95–9.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss HJ, Aledort LM. Impaired platelet connective-tissue reaction in man after aspirin ingestion. Lancet. 1967;2:495–7.PubMedCrossRef Weiss HJ, Aledort LM. Impaired platelet connective-tissue reaction in man after aspirin ingestion. Lancet. 1967;2:495–7.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Jorgensen L, Rowsell HC, Hovig T, Glynn MF, Mustard JF. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and myocardial infarction in swine. Laboratory Investigation. 1967;17:616–44.PubMed Jorgensen L, Rowsell HC, Hovig T, Glynn MF, Mustard JF. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and myocardial infarction in swine. Laboratory Investigation. 1967;17:616–44.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison MJG, Marshall J, Meadows JC, Russell RWR. Effect of aspirin in amaurosis fugax. Lancet. 1971;2:734–44. Harrison MJG, Marshall J, Meadows JC, Russell RWR. Effect of aspirin in amaurosis fugax. Lancet. 1971;2:734–44.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Coller BS. Historical perspectives and future directions in platelet research. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9 Suppl 1:374–95.PubMedCrossRef Coller BS. Historical perspectives and future directions in platelet research. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9 Suppl 1:374–95.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat FitzGerald GA, Oates JA, Hawiger J, Maas RL, Roberts LJD, Lawson JA, et al. Endogenous biosynthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane and platelet function during chronic administration of aspirin in man. J Clin Invest. 1983;71:676–88.PubMedCrossRef FitzGerald GA, Oates JA, Hawiger J, Maas RL, Roberts LJD, Lawson JA, et al. Endogenous biosynthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane and platelet function during chronic administration of aspirin in man. J Clin Invest. 1983;71:676–88.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schuhlen H, Blasini R, Hadamitzky M, et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1084–9.PubMedCrossRef Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schuhlen H, Blasini R, Hadamitzky M, et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1084–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Fields WS, Lemak NA, Frankowski RF, Hardy RJ. Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1977;8:301–16.PubMedCrossRef Fields WS, Lemak NA, Frankowski RF, Hardy RJ. Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1977;8:301–16.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat The Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. N Engl J Med.1978;13;299(2):53–9. The Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. N Engl J Med.1978;13;299(2):53–9.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bousser MG, Eschwege E, Haguenau M, Lefaucconnier JM, Thibult N, Touboul D, et al. "AICLA" controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1983;14(1):5–14.PubMedCrossRef Bousser MG, Eschwege E, Haguenau M, Lefaucconnier JM, Thibult N, Touboul D, et al. "AICLA" controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1983;14(1):5–14.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat The ESPS. Group. The European Stroke Prevention Study (ESPS). Principal end-points. Lancet. 1987;2(8572):1351–4. The ESPS. Group. The European Stroke Prevention Study (ESPS). Principal end-points. Lancet. 1987;2(8572):1351–4.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson DC. Progress report of the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Stroke. 1990;21(Suppl 11): III12–7. Anderson DC. Progress report of the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Stroke. 1990;21(Suppl 11): III12–7.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom transient ischemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(12):1044–54.PubMedCrossRef Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom transient ischemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(12):1044–54.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of 2 doses of aspirin (30 mg vs 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(18):1261–6. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of 2 doses of aspirin (30 mg vs 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(18):1261–6.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins R, Baigent C, Sandercock P, Peto R. Antiplatelet therapy for thromboprophylaxis: the need for careful consideration of the evidence from randomized trials. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ. 1994;309(6963):1215–7.PubMedCrossRef Collins R, Baigent C, Sandercock P, Peto R. Antiplatelet therapy for thromboprophylaxis: the need for careful consideration of the evidence from randomized trials. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ. 1994;309(6963):1215–7.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1996;143(1–2):1–13.PubMedCrossRef Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1996;143(1–2):1–13.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat CAST Collaborative Group. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial). Randomized placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9066):1649. CAST Collaborative Group. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial). Randomized placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9066):1649.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomized trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9065):1569–81.CrossRef International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomized trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9065):1569–81.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. A randomized trial of anticoagulants vs aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. Ann Neurol. 1997;42(6):857–65.CrossRef The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. A randomized trial of anticoagulants vs aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. Ann Neurol. 1997;42(6):857–65.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM. Low molecular-weight heparin vs aspirin in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomized study. Lancet. 2000;355(9211):1205–10.PubMedCrossRef Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM. Low molecular-weight heparin vs aspirin in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomized study. Lancet. 2000;355(9211):1205–10.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hankey GJ. Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study (WARSS) Trial: is Warfarin really a reasonable therapeutic alternative to Aspirin for preventing recurrent noncardioembolic ischemic stroke? Stroke. 2002;33:1723–6.PubMedCrossRef Hankey GJ. Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study (WARSS) Trial: is Warfarin really a reasonable therapeutic alternative to Aspirin for preventing recurrent noncardioembolic ischemic stroke? Stroke. 2002;33:1723–6.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sauvageau E, Ecker RD, Levy EI, Hanel RA, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Recent advances in endoluminal revascularization for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Neurol Res. 2005;27(Suppl 1):S89–94. (WASID) Sauvageau E, Ecker RD, Levy EI, Hanel RA, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Recent advances in endoluminal revascularization for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Neurol Res. 2005;27(Suppl 1):S89–94. (WASID)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Gubitz GJ, Tseng MC. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD000029. Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Gubitz GJ, Tseng MC. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD000029.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat IST 1991Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849–60. IST 1991Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849–60.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Homma S, Thompson JL, Pullicino PM, Levin B, Freudenberger RS, Teerlink JR, et al. WARCEF Investigators. Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1859–69. This study found patients with reduced LVEF but sinus rhythm have a reduced risk of ischemic stroke when treated with warfarin, however this benefit is offset by the increased risk of hemorrhage. This prompts the need for individualization of the choice between aspirin or warfarin. •• Homma S, Thompson JL, Pullicino PM, Levin B, Freudenberger RS, Teerlink JR, et al. WARCEF Investigators. Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1859–69. This study found patients with reduced LVEF but sinus rhythm have a reduced risk of ischemic stroke when treated with warfarin, however this benefit is offset by the increased risk of hemorrhage. This prompts the need for individualization of the choice between aspirin or warfarin.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Dale J, Myhre E, Storstein O, Stormorken H, Efskind L. Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid: a controlled clinical study in patients with aortic ball valves. Am Heart J. 1977;95(1):101–11.CrossRef Dale J, Myhre E, Storstein O, Stormorken H, Efskind L. Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid: a controlled clinical study in patients with aortic ball valves. Am Heart J. 1977;95(1):101–11.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat • Hansen ML, Sørensen R, Clausen MT, Fog-Petersen ML, Raunsø J, Gadsbøll N, et al. Risk of bleeding with single, dual, or triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1433–41. This study found warfarin combined with aspirin and/or clopidogrel has a 3‐fold higher risk when compared to warfarin monotherapy. • Hansen ML, Sørensen R, Clausen MT, Fog-Petersen ML, Raunsø J, Gadsbøll N, et al. Risk of bleeding with single, dual, or triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1433–41. This study found warfarin combined with aspirin and/or clopidogrel has a 3‐fold higher risk when compared to warfarin monotherapy.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kronmal RA, Hart RG, Manolio TA, Talbert RL, Beauchamp NJ, Newman A. Aspirin use and incident stroke in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1988;29:887–94.CrossRef Kronmal RA, Hart RG, Manolio TA, Talbert RL, Beauchamp NJ, Newman A. Aspirin use and incident stroke in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1988;29:887–94.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Steering Committee of the Physicians’ Health Study Research Group. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians’ Health Study. N Engl J Med. .1989;321:129–35. Steering Committee of the Physicians’ Health Study Research Group. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians’ Health Study. N Engl J Med. .1989;321:129–35.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Raju NC, Eikelboom JW. The aspirin controversy in primary prevention. Current Opin Cardiol. 2012;27(5):499–507. This study found the risks of primary prevention with aspirin for individuals at low risk for cardiovascular disease may outweigh the benefits as aspirin reduces the risk of MI, but at the cost of an increase in major bleeding with a nominally significant reduction in total mortality. •• Raju NC, Eikelboom JW. The aspirin controversy in primary prevention. Current Opin Cardiol. 2012;27(5):499–507. This study found the risks of primary prevention with aspirin for individuals at low risk for cardiovascular disease may outweigh the benefits as aspirin reduces the risk of MI, but at the cost of an increase in major bleeding with a nominally significant reduction in total mortality.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat • Hassan C, Rex DK, Cooper GS, Zullo A, Launois R, Benamouzig R. Primary prevention of colorectal cancer with low-dose aspirin in combination with endoscopy: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut. 2012;61 (8):1172–9. This study is significant because it demonstrated the addition of low dose aspirin is efficacious in preventing proximal colorectal cancer, indicating that the use of aspirin may have benefits beyond that of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. • Hassan C, Rex DK, Cooper GS, Zullo A, Launois R, Benamouzig R. Primary prevention of colorectal cancer with low-dose aspirin in combination with endoscopy: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut. 2012;61 (8):1172–9. This study is significant because it demonstrated the addition of low dose aspirin is efficacious in preventing proximal colorectal cancer, indicating that the use of aspirin may have benefits beyond that of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Siller-Matula JM. Hemorrhagic complications associated with aspirin: an underestimated hazard in clinical practice? JAMA. 2012;307(21):2318–20.PubMedCrossRef Siller-Matula JM. Hemorrhagic complications associated with aspirin: an underestimated hazard in clinical practice? JAMA. 2012;307(21):2318–20.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat McQuaid KR, Laine L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2006;119(8):624–38.PubMedCrossRef McQuaid KR, Laine L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2006;119(8):624–38.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Tamura T, Sakaeda T, Kadoyama K, Okuno Y. Aspirin- and Clopidogrel-associated bleeding complications: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, AERS. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(6):441–6.PubMedCrossRef Tamura T, Sakaeda T, Kadoyama K, Okuno Y. Aspirin- and Clopidogrel-associated bleeding complications: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, AERS. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(6):441–6.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Gent M, Blakely JA, Easton JD, Ellis DJ, Hachinski VC, Harbison JW, et al. The Canadian American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke. Lancet. 1989;1(8649):1215–20.PubMedCrossRef Gent M, Blakely JA, Easton JD, Ellis DJ, Hachinski VC, Harbison JW, et al. The Canadian American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke. Lancet. 1989;1(8649):1215–20.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Goyan JE. The "trials" of a long-term clinical trial: the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study and the Canadian-American Ticlopidine Study. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10 Suppl 4:236S–44S.PubMedCrossRef Goyan JE. The "trials" of a long-term clinical trial: the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study and the Canadian-American Ticlopidine Study. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10 Suppl 4:236S–44S.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat CAPRIE steering Committee. A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel vs aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–39. CAPRIE steering Committee. A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel vs aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–39.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, et al. (MATCH investigators). Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in high risk patients (MATCH): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9431):331–7.PubMedCrossRef Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, et al. (MATCH investigators). Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in high risk patients (MATCH): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9431):331–7.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, for the CHARISMA Investigators, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin vs aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1706–17.PubMedCrossRef Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, for the CHARISMA Investigators, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin vs aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1706–17.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, Eliasziw M, Demchuk AM, Buchan AM, FASTER Investigators. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomized controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:961–9.PubMedCrossRef Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, Eliasziw M, Demchuk AM, Buchan AM, FASTER Investigators. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomized controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:961–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole vs clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1238–51.PubMedCrossRef Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole vs clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1238–51.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat The ACTIVE Investigators. Effect of Clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2066–207.CrossRef The ACTIVE Investigators. Effect of Clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2066–207.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat The SPS3 Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:817–25. The SPS3 Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:817–25.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan F. Antiplatelet therapy and managing ulcer risk. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(2):195–9.PubMedCrossRef Chan F. Antiplatelet therapy and managing ulcer risk. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(2):195–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Qureshi AL, Luft AR, Sharma M, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic and ischemic complications associated with endovascular procedures: Part I–pathophysiological and pharmacological features. Neurosurgery. 2000;46(6):1344–59.PubMedCrossRef Qureshi AL, Luft AR, Sharma M, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic and ischemic complications associated with endovascular procedures: Part I–pathophysiological and pharmacological features. Neurosurgery. 2000;46(6):1344–59.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstssl PJ, Algra A, ESPRIT Study Group. Aspirin plus dipyridamole vs aspirin alone after cerebral ischemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1665–73.PubMedCrossRef Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstssl PJ, Algra A, ESPRIT Study Group. Aspirin plus dipyridamole vs aspirin alone after cerebral ischemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1665–73.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat CURE Study investigators. The clopidogrel in unstable angina to prevent recurrent events (CURE) trial program: rational, design and baseline characteristics including a meta-analysis of the effects of thienopyridines in vascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:2033–41.CrossRef CURE Study investigators. The clopidogrel in unstable angina to prevent recurrent events (CURE) trial program: rational, design and baseline characteristics including a meta-analysis of the effects of thienopyridines in vascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:2033–41.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Oldag A, Schreiber S, Schreiber S, Heinze HJ, Meyer F, Weber M, et al. Risk of wound hematoma at carotid endarterectomy under dual antiplatelet therapy. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012 [Epub ahead of print]. Oldag A, Schreiber S, Schreiber S, Heinze HJ, Meyer F, Weber M, et al. Risk of wound hematoma at carotid endarterectomy under dual antiplatelet therapy. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection: the clopidogrel and aspirin for reduction of emboli in symptomatic carotid stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation. 2005;111(17):22333–40.CrossRef Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection: the clopidogrel and aspirin for reduction of emboli in symptomatic carotid stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation. 2005;111(17):22333–40.CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong KS, Chen C, Fu J, Chang HM, Suwanwela NC, Huang YN, et al. CLAIR study investigators. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(5):489–97. Wong KS, Chen C, Fu J, Chang HM, Suwanwela NC, Huang YN, et al. CLAIR study investigators. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(5):489–97.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, et al. SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators. Stenting vs aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):993–1003. This study found aggressive medical management including dual antiplatelet therapy was superior to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) with use of the Wingspan stent system due to the increased risk of early stroke aNer PTAS. •• Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, et al. SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators. Stenting vs aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):993–1003. This study found aggressive medical management including dual antiplatelet therapy was superior to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) with use of the Wingspan stent system due to the increased risk of early stroke aNer PTAS.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Hart RG, Hohnloser SH, Pfeffer M, Chrolavicius S, et al. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(20):2066–78.PubMedCrossRef Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Hart RG, Hohnloser SH, Pfeffer M, Chrolavicius S, et al. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(20):2066–78.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamane K, Ikeda T, Taniguchi R, Watanabe S, Kawato M, Kondo H, et al. Impact of platelet reactivity on long‐term clinical outcomes and bleeding events in Japanese patients receiving antiplatelet therapy with aspirin. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012;19(12):1142–53. Yamane K, Ikeda T, Taniguchi R, Watanabe S, Kawato M, Kondo H, et al. Impact of platelet reactivity on long‐term clinical outcomes and bleeding events in Japanese patients receiving antiplatelet therapy with aspirin. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012;19(12):1142–53.
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Siller-Matula JM, Delle-Karth G, Christ G, Neunteufl T, Maurer G, Huber K, et al. Dual non-responsiveness to antiplatelet treatment is a stronger predictor of cardiac adverse events than isolated non-responsiveness to clopidogrel or aspirin. Int J Cardiol. 2012. Siller-Matula JM, Delle-Karth G, Christ G, Neunteufl T, Maurer G, Huber K, et al. Dual non-responsiveness to antiplatelet treatment is a stronger predictor of cardiac adverse events than isolated non-responsiveness to clopidogrel or aspirin. Int J Cardiol. 2012.
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Depta JP, Fowler J, Novak E, Katzan I, Bakdash S, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Clinical outcomes using a platelet function-guided approach for secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2012. Depta JP, Fowler J, Novak E, Katzan I, Bakdash S, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Clinical outcomes using a platelet function-guided approach for secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2012.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Frelinger AL, Li Y, Linden MD, Tarnow I, Barnard MR, Fox ML, et al. Aspirin “resistance” role of pre-existent platelet reactivity and correlation between tests. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:2035–44.PubMedCrossRef Frelinger AL, Li Y, Linden MD, Tarnow I, Barnard MR, Fox ML, et al. Aspirin “resistance” role of pre-existent platelet reactivity and correlation between tests. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:2035–44.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Fong J, Cheng-Ching E, Hussain MS, Katzan I, Gupta R. Predictors of biochemical aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;20(3):227–30.PubMedCrossRef Fong J, Cheng-Ching E, Hussain MS, Katzan I, Gupta R. Predictors of biochemical aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;20(3):227–30.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Htun P, Fateh-Moghadam S, Bischofs C, Banya W, Müller K, Bigalke B, et al. Low responsiveness to clopidogrel increases risk among CKD patients undergoing coronary intervention. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(4):627–33.PubMedCrossRef Htun P, Fateh-Moghadam S, Bischofs C, Banya W, Müller K, Bigalke B, et al. Low responsiveness to clopidogrel increases risk among CKD patients undergoing coronary intervention. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(4):627–33.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, Morange PE, Mouret JP, Bali L, et al. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors improve outcome after coronary stenting in clopidogrel nonresponders: a prospective, randomized study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1:649–53.PubMedCrossRef Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, Morange PE, Mouret JP, Bali L, et al. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors improve outcome after coronary stenting in clopidogrel nonresponders: a prospective, randomized study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1:649–53.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonello L, Camoin-Jau L, Armero S, Com O, Arques S, Burignat-Bonello C, et al. Tailored clopidogrel loading dose according to platelet reactivity monitoring to prevent acute and subacute stent thrombosis. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:5–10.PubMedCrossRef Bonello L, Camoin-Jau L, Armero S, Com O, Arques S, Burignat-Bonello C, et al. Tailored clopidogrel loading dose according to platelet reactivity monitoring to prevent acute and subacute stent thrombosis. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:5–10.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Aradi D, Komócsi A, Price MJ, Cuisset T, Ari H, Hazarbasanov D, et al. on behalf of the Tailored Antiplatelet Treatment Study Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of intensified antiplatelet therapy on the basis of platelet reactivity testing in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2012. Aradi D, Komócsi A, Price MJ, Cuisset T, Ari H, Hazarbasanov D, et al. on behalf of the Tailored Antiplatelet Treatment Study Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of intensified antiplatelet therapy on the basis of platelet reactivity testing in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2012.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Bigalke B, Schuster A, Sopova K, Wurster T, Stellos K. Platelets in atherothrombosis - diagnostic and prognostic value of platelet activation in patients with atherosclerotic diseases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012;[Epub ahead of print]. Bigalke B, Schuster A, Sopova K, Wurster T, Stellos K. Platelets in atherothrombosis - diagnostic and prognostic value of platelet activation in patients with atherosclerotic diseases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012;[Epub ahead of print].
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Frocks J, Brouwer MA, van Oijen MG, Lanas A, Bhatt DL, Verheugt FW. Concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors: impact on platelet function and clinical outcome- a systematic review. Heart. 2012 [Epub ahead of print]. Frocks J, Brouwer MA, van Oijen MG, Lanas A, Bhatt DL, Verheugt FW. Concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors: impact on platelet function and clinical outcome- a systematic review. Heart. 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Capone ML, Sciulli MG, Tacconelli S, Grana M, Ricciotti E, Renda G, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of naproxen with low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1295–301.PubMedCrossRef Capone ML, Sciulli MG, Tacconelli S, Grana M, Ricciotti E, Renda G, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of naproxen with low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1295–301.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1607–21.PubMedCrossRef Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1607–21.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Shuldiner AR, O’Connell JR, Bliden KP, Gandhi A, Ryan K, Horenstein RB, et al. Association of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype with the antiplatelet effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel therapy. JAMA. 2009;302(8):849–57.PubMedCrossRef Shuldiner AR, O’Connell JR, Bliden KP, Gandhi A, Ryan K, Horenstein RB, et al. Association of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype with the antiplatelet effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel therapy. JAMA. 2009;302(8):849–57.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Mega JL, Simon T, Collet JP, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Bliden K, et al. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304:1821–30.PubMedCrossRef Mega JL, Simon T, Collet JP, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Bliden K, et al. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304:1821–30.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat US Food and Drug Administration. "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Reduced effectiveness of Plavix (clopidogrel) in patients who are poor metabolizers of the drug". Drug Safety and Availability. Food and Drug Administration (United States). March 12, 2010. US Food and Drug Administration. "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Reduced effectiveness of Plavix (clopidogrel) in patients who are poor metabolizers of the drug". Drug Safety and Availability. Food and Drug Administration (United States). March 12, 2010.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes MV, Perel P, Shah T, Hingorani AD, Casas JP. CyP2C19 genotype, clopidogrel metabolism, platelet function, and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;306(24):2709–14.CrossRef Holmes MV, Perel P, Shah T, Hingorani AD, Casas JP. CyP2C19 genotype, clopidogrel metabolism, platelet function, and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;306(24):2709–14.CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma V, Kaul S, Al-Hazzani A, Alshatwi AA, Jyothy A, Munshi A. Association of COX-2 rs20417 with aspirin resistance. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2012. Sharma V, Kaul S, Al-Hazzani A, Alshatwi AA, Jyothy A, Munshi A. Association of COX-2 rs20417 with aspirin resistance. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2012.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Breet NJ, Sluman MA, van Berkel MA, van Werkum JW, Bouman HJ, Harmsze AM, et al. Effect of gender difference on platelet reactivity. Neth Heart J. 2011;19(11):451–7.PubMedCrossRef Breet NJ, Sluman MA, van Berkel MA, van Werkum JW, Bouman HJ, Harmsze AM, et al. Effect of gender difference on platelet reactivity. Neth Heart J. 2011;19(11):451–7.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Cay S, Cagirci G, Aydogdu S, Balbay Y, Sen N, Maden O, et al. Safety of clopidogrel in older patients: a nonrandomized, parallel-group, controlled, 2-center study. Drugs Aging. 2011;28(2):119–29.PubMedCrossRef Cay S, Cagirci G, Aydogdu S, Balbay Y, Sen N, Maden O, et al. Safety of clopidogrel in older patients: a nonrandomized, parallel-group, controlled, 2-center study. Drugs Aging. 2011;28(2):119–29.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Palacio S, Hart RG, Pearce LA, Anderson DC, Sharma M, Birnbaum LA, et al. Effect of addition of clopidogrel to aspirin on stroke incidence: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Pending publication. Palacio S, Hart RG, Pearce LA, Anderson DC, Sharma M, Birnbaum LA, et al. Effect of addition of clopidogrel to aspirin on stroke incidence: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Pending publication.
Metadaten
Titel
Aspirin and Clopidogrel for Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
verfasst von
Ruth M. Thomson
David C. Anderson
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2013
Verlag
Current Science Inc.
Erschienen in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-012-0327-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2013

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Nerve and Muscle (M Hirano and LH Weimer, Section Editors)

Ultrasonography of Peripheral Nerves

STROKE (HP ADAMS JR, SECTION EDITOR)

Drug Abuse and Stroke

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Was nützt die Kraniektomie bei schwerer tiefer Hirnblutung?

17.05.2024 Hirnblutung Nachrichten

Eine Studie zum Nutzen der druckentlastenden Kraniektomie nach schwerer tiefer supratentorieller Hirnblutung deutet einen Nutzen der Operation an. Für überlebende Patienten ist das dennoch nur eine bedingt gute Nachricht.

Thrombektomie auch bei großen Infarkten von Vorteil

16.05.2024 Ischämischer Schlaganfall Nachrichten

Auch ein sehr ausgedehnter ischämischer Schlaganfall scheint an sich kein Grund zu sein, von einer mechanischen Thrombektomie abzusehen. Dafür spricht die LASTE-Studie, an der Patienten und Patientinnen mit einem ASPECTS von maximal 5 beteiligt waren.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.