Introduction
Materials and methods
The CCEI questionnaire translation and cross-cultural adaptation
Number of People | Ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
40–49 | 6 | 40 |
≥ 50 | 9 | 60 |
Educational Background | ||
Master | 8 | 53.3 |
Ph.D | 7 | 46.7 |
Field of Work | ||
Clinical Medicine | 4 | 26.7 |
Psychiatry | 5 | 33.3 |
Nursing | 3 | 20 |
Occupational Safety and Health | 3 | 20 |
Number of People | Ca | Cs | Cr |
---|---|---|---|
15 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.91 |
Pre-investigation
Participants
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
General information
Number of People | Ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
≤ 59 | 151 | 15.3 |
60–69 | 221 | 22.4 |
70–79 | 350 | 35.5 |
≥ 80 | 263 | 26.7 |
Disease Course | ||
≤ 9 | 266 | 27.0 |
10–19 | 256 | 26.0 |
20–29 | 249 | 25.3 |
≥ 30 | 214 | 21.7 |
Phase of Pneumoconiosis | ||
One | 812 | 82.4 |
Two | 104 | 10.6 |
Three | 69 | 7.0 |
Educational Background | ||
Junior high or below | 920 | 93.4 |
Senior high | 36 | 3.7 |
College or above | 29 | 2.9 |
Data analysis
Exploratory factor analysis of CCEI Chinese version
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin statistics with adequate samples | .904 | |
Bartlett test | Approximate Chi-square | 18,963.608 |
df | 1128 | |
Sig | .000 |
Item | Component | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
1 | Do you often feel upset for no obvious reason? | 0.512 | |||||
7 | Have you felt as though you might faint? | 0.526 | |||||
13 | Do you feel uneasy and restless? | 0.702 | |||||
20 | Do you feel uneasy travelling on buses or the Underground even if they are not crowded? | 0.621 | |||||
25 | Would you say you were a worrying person? | 0.760 | |||||
31 | Do you often feel “strung-up” inside? | 0.517 | |||||
37 | Have you ever had the feeling you are “going to pieces”? | 0.582 | |||||
43 | Do you have bad dreams which upset you when you wake up? | 0.662 | |||||
2 | Do you have an unreasonable fear of being in enclosed spaces such as shops, lifts, etc.? | 0.645 | |||||
8 | Do you find yourself worrying about getting some incurable illness? | 0.428 | |||||
14 | Do you feel more relaxed indoors? | 0.469 | |||||
19 | Do you sometimes feel really panicky? | 0.507 | |||||
26 | Do you dislike going out alone? | 0.518 | |||||
32 | Do you worry unduly when relatives are late coming home? | 0.685 | |||||
38 | Are you scared of heights? | 0.521 | |||||
44 | Do you feel panicky in crowds? | 0.662 | |||||
3 | Do people ever say you are too conscientious? | 0.628 | |||||
15 | Do you find that silly or unreasonable thoughts keep recurring in your mind? | 0.538 | |||||
21 | Are you happiest when you are working? | 0.628 | |||||
27 | Are you a perfectionist? | 0.558 | |||||
33 | Do you have to check things you do to an unnecessary extent? | 0.516 | |||||
39 | Does it irritate you if your normal routine is disturbed? | 0.607 | |||||
45 | Do you find yourself worrying unreasonably about things that do not really matter? | 0.533 | |||||
4 | Are you troubled by dizziness or shortness of breath? | 0.457 | |||||
10 | Do you often feel sick or have indigestion? | 0.547 | |||||
16 | Do you sometimes feel tingling or pricking sensations in your body, arms or legs? | 0.549 | |||||
22 | Has your appetite got less recently? | 0.491 | |||||
28 | Do you feel unduly tired and exhausted? | 0.636 | |||||
34 | Can you get off to sleep alright at the moment? | 0.683 | |||||
40 | Do you often suffer from excessive sweating or fluttering of the heart? | 0.525 | |||||
46 | Has your sexual interest altered? | 0.602 | |||||
5 | Can you think as quickly as you used to? | 0.725 | |||||
11 | Do you feel that life is too much effort? | 0.611 | |||||
17 | Do you regret much of your past behaviour? | 0.598 | |||||
23 | Do you wake unusually early in the morning? | 0.681 | |||||
29 | Do you experience long periods of sadness? | 0.702 | |||||
35 | Do you have to make a special effort to face up to a crisis or difficulty? | 0.665 | |||||
41 | Do you find yourself needing to cry? | 0.785 | |||||
47 | Have you lost your ability to feel sympathy for other people? | 0.771 | |||||
6 | Are your opinions easily influenced? | 0.728 | |||||
12 | Have you, at any time in your life, enjoyed acting? | 0.735 | |||||
18 | Are you normally an excessively emotional person? | 0.641 | |||||
24 | Do you enjoy being the centre of attention? | 0.639 | |||||
30 | Do you find that you take advantage of circumstances for your own ends? | 0.712 | |||||
36 | Do you often spend a lot of money on clothes? | 0.644 | |||||
42 | Do you enjoy dramatic situations? | 0.622 | |||||
48 | Do you sometimes find yourself posing or pretending? | 0.569 | |||||
Eigenvalue | 6.932 | 6.521 | 6.491 | 6.425 | 6.295 | 5.722 | |
Total variance explained (%) | 15.841 | 13.665 | 13.225 | 13.086 | 12.021 | 10.408 |
Confirmatory factor analysis of CCEI Chinese version
Index | χ2 | df | P | χ2/ df | CFI | IFI | RMSEA (90%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFA | 1771.774 | 930 | 0.052 | 1.905 | 0.912 | 0.906 | 0.044 (0.40–0.47) |
Path Diagram | Unstd | S.E | t-value | std | CR | AVE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | <--- | FFA | 1.000 | 0.711 | ||||
Q7 | <--- | FFA | 0.862 | 0.067 | 12.921 | 0.622 | ||
Q13 | <--- | FFA | 0.947 | 0.070 | 13.581 | 0.654 | ||
Q20 | <--- | FFA | 0.952 | 0.070 | 13.686 | 0.659 | ||
Q25 | <--- | FFA | 1.007 | 0.071 | 14.235 | 0.685 | ||
Q31 | <--- | FFA | 1.053 | 0.071 | 14.934 | 0.720 | ||
Q37 | <--- | FFA | 1.012 | 0.068 | 14.915 | 0.719 | ||
Q43 | <--- | FFA | 0.921 | 0.069 | 13.395 | 0.645 | 0.871 | 0.501 |
Q2 | <--- | PHO | 1.000 | 0.716 | ||||
Q8 | <--- | PHO | 0.883 | 0.067 | 13.101 | 0.630 | ||
Q14 | <--- | PHO | 0.880 | 0.067 | 13.084 | 0.630 | ||
Q19 | <--- | PHO | 0.934 | 0.067 | 13.948 | 0.671 | ||
Q26 | <--- | PHO | 0.763 | 0.066 | 11.622 | 0.559 | ||
Q32 | <--- | PHO | 0.966 | 0.068 | 14.303 | 0.688 | ||
Q38 | <--- | PHO | 0.958 | 0.067 | 14.367 | 0.692 | ||
Q44 | <--- | PHO | 1.012 | 0.069 | 14.703 | 0.708 | 0.862 | 0.506 |
Q3 | <--- | OBS | 1.000 | 0.750 | ||||
Q15 | <--- | OBS | 0.849 | 0.062 | 13.798 | 0.639 | ||
Q21 | <--- | OBS | 0.920 | 0.062 | 14.786 | 0.681 | ||
Q27 | <--- | OBS | 0.967 | 0.060 | 16.030 | 0.733 | ||
Q33 | <--- | OBS | 0.942 | 0.061 | 15.538 | 0.713 | ||
Q39 | <--- | OBS | 1.017 | 0.061 | 16.735 | 0.763 | ||
Q45 | <--- | OBS | 1.125 | 0.066 | 16.462 | 0.744 | 0.866 | 0.510 |
Q4 | <--- | SOM | 1.000 | 0.688 | ||||
Q10 | <--- | SOM | 0.985 | 0.070 | 13.992 | 0.697 | ||
Q16 | <--- | SOM | 0.822 | 0.070 | 11.741 | 0.578 | ||
Q22 | <--- | SOM | 0.989 | 0.070 | 14.088 | 0.702 | ||
Q28 | <--- | SOM | 1.019 | 0.071 | 14.263 | 0.711 | ||
Q34 | <--- | SOM | 1.050 | 0.072 | 14.568 | 0.728 | ||
Q40 | <--- | SOM | 1.074 | 0.072 | 14.923 | 0.748 | ||
Q46 | <--- | SOM | 0.554 | 0.069 | 8.003 | 0.388 | 0.840 | 0.500 |
Q5 | <--- | DEP | 1.000 | 0.482 | ||||
Q11 | <--- | DEP | 1.229 | 0.139 | 8.823 | 0.585 | ||
Q17 | <--- | DEP | 0.898 | 0.121 | 7.432 | 0.443 | ||
Q23 | <--- | DEP | 1.324 | 0.145 | 9.156 | 0.628 | ||
Q29 | <--- | DEP | 1.289 | 0.142 | 9.071 | 0.617 | ||
Q35 | <--- | DEP | 1.421 | 0.150 | 9.501 | 0.677 | ||
Q41 | <--- | DEP | 1.184 | 0.137 | 8.672 | 0.567 | ||
Q47 | <--- | DEP | 1.421 | 0.150 | 9.451 | 0.670 | 0.836 | 0.500 |
Q6 | <--- | HYS | 1.000 | 0.672 | ||||
Q12 | <--- | HYS | 0.999 | 0.079 | 12.585 | 0.650 | ||
Q18 | <--- | HYS | 1.093 | 0.078 | 14.023 | 0.737 | ||
Q24 | <--- | HYS | 1.014 | 0.078 | 13.069 | 0.678 | ||
Q30 | <--- | HYS | 0.912 | 0.076 | 12.038 | 0.618 | ||
Q36 | <--- | HYS | 1.038 | 0.077 | 13.549 | 0.707 | ||
Q42 | <--- | HYS | 1.018 | 0.106 | 10.525 | 0.629 | ||
Q48 | <--- | HYS | 0.840 | 0.074 | 11.325 | 0.578 | 0.848 | 0.500 |
Internal consistency coefficient of CCEI Chinese version
Item number | Cronbach’s Alpha | Split-half reliability | ICC (P) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese CCEI | 47 | 0.885 | 0.893 | 0.905 (P < 0.001) |
FFA | 8 | 0.936 | 0.905 | 0.921 (P < 0.001) |
PHO | 8 | 0.922 | 0.918 | 0.902 (P < 0.001) |
OBS | 7 | 0.906 | 0.928 | 0.938 (P < 0.001) |
SOM | 8 | 0.838 | 0.880 | 0.912 (P < 0.001) |
DEP | 8 | 0.917 | 0.920 | 0.908 (P < 0.001) |
HYS | 8 | 0.908 | 0.925 | 0.909 (P < 0.001) |
Pearson correlation analysis of CCEI Chinese version
PHO | OBS | HYS | SOM | FFA | DEP | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHO | 1 | 0.13a | 0.24b | 0.10 | 0.28b | 0.19b | 0.54b |
OBS | 1 | 0.11 | 0.21b | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.40b | |
HYS | 1 | 0.12a | 0.16a | 0.21b | 0.48b | ||
SOM | 1 | 0.14a | 0.17a | 0.49b | |||
FFA | 1 | 0.35b | 0.42b | ||||
DEP | 1 | 0.39b | |||||
Score | 1 |
Content validity of CCEI Chinese version
Scores comparison between CWP patients and retired miners
Group | Number | Age | Education | Years of exposure to dust | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Junior high or below | Senior high or above | ||||
Retired Miners | 100 | 68.21(8.82) | 88 | 12 | 26.41 (9.20) |
CWP patients | 100 | 70.45(9.52) | 94 | 6 | 25.39 (8.76) |
Result | 1.82a | 2.198b | 1.42a | ||
P | 0.061 | 0.138 | 0.064 |
Component | M (SD) | Cl95% | Mean Rank | Z | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCEI | Retired Miners | 14.56 (7.575) | 13.06–16.06 | 85.04 | −3.781 | 0.000 |
CWP Patients | 19.78 (10.404) | 17.72–21.84 | 115.97 | |||
FFA | Retired Miners | 2.35 (4.145) | 1.53–3.17 | 97.01 | −0.949 | 0.342 |
CWP Patients | 2.79 (4.176) | 1.96–3.62 | 104.00 | |||
PHO | Retired Miners | 3.41 (3.147) | 2.79–4.03 | 75.35 | −6.171 | 0.000 |
CWP Patients | 7.16 (4.371) | 6.29–8.03 | 125.64 | |||
OBS | Retired Miners | 1.74 (3.209) | 1.10–2.38 | 100.48 | −0.006 | 0.996 |
CWP Patients | 1.88 (3.444) | 1.20–2.56 | 100.52 | |||
SOM | Retired Miners | 2.70 (4.756) | 1.76–3.64 | 98.53 | −0.535 | 0.593 |
CWP Patients | 3.14 (4.985) | 2.15–4.13 | 102.48 | |||
DEP | Retired Miners | 2.23 (4.385) | 1.36–3.10 | 96.24 | −1.190 | 0.234 |
CWP Patients | 3.14 (4.909) | 2.17–4.11 | 104.77 | |||
HYS | Retired Miners | 1.86 (4.259) | 1.01–2.71 | 95.61 | −1.468 | 0.142 |
CWP Patients | 2.37 (4.550) | 1.47–3.27 | 105.40 |