Introduction
Material and methods
The study participants | Socio-demographic variables and life style | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Age 52–66 years | Rural environm. | University education | Smokers | Physical activity* | |
Total population N = 13172 | 66.2 | 75.2 | 38.2 | 29.5 | 20.0 | 17.3 ± 11.1 |
65.4-67.0 | 74.3-79.9 | 37.4-39.0 | 28.7-30.3 | 19.3-20.7 | 17.1-17.5 | |
Normal BMI – missing data N = 670 | 77.0a | 74.2a | 33.6a | 29.7a | 30.4a | 17.0 ± 10.7a |
74.1-79.8 | 71.2-77.1 | 27.5-33.8 | 26.6-32.8 | 27.3-33.5 | 10.2-11.2 | |
The subject group N = 2479 | 76.2 | 65.8b | 32.1 | 37.9b | 28.2b | 17.8 ± 11.0b |
74.8-77.7 | 64.2-67.4 | 30.6-33.8 | 36.3-39.6 | 26.7-29.8 | 17.5-18.2 |
Anthropometric measurements
Assessment of blood pressure and biomarkers
Assessment of other variables
Food consumption analysis
Food groups | Food items |
---|---|
Refined grains | White bread, pasta |
Whole grains | Dark bread, corn flakes, groats |
Vegetables | Red beetroots, raw white cabbage, broccoli, carrots, garlic, onions, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables |
Fruit | Apples, bananas, oranges, seasonal fruits (berries) |
Nuts | Nuts |
Whole milk | Whole milk |
Low-fat milk | Low-fat milk |
Cottage cheese | Cottage cheese |
Yogurt | Yogurt |
Hard cheese | Hard cheese |
Fish | Fish |
Chicken | Chicken |
Eggs | Eggs |
Red meat | Pork, beef, liver |
Cold cured meat | Bacon, ham, sausages, frankfurters |
Lard | Lard |
Butter | Butter |
Vegetable oils | Rapeseed, soya, sunflower oil, olive oil, and other oils |
Margarine | Margarine |
Mayonnaise | Mayonnaise |
French-fries | French-fries |
Boiled potatoes | Boiled potatoes |
Bigos | Bigos (sauerkraut, sausage and meat stew) |
Fried foods | Fried foods |
Sugar and sweets | Sugar, chocolate and chocolate-products, candies, cakes, cookies |
Fruit juice | Fruit juice |
Diet carbonated soft drinks | Diet carbonated soft drinks |
Coca cola | Coca cola or other beverages of this type |
Alcoholic beverages | Beer, fruit wine, grape wine, vodka |
Coffee | Coffee |
Tea | Tea |
Definition of MONW
Statistical analysis
Results
Food groups | Factor I | Factor II | Factor III | Factor IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcoholic beverages | - | 0.302 | - | - |
Low-fat milk | 0.363 | - | - | - |
Cottage cheese | 0.538 | - | - | - |
Yogurt | 0.449 | - | - | - |
Hard cheese | - | - | - | 0.499 |
Fish | - | - | 0.343 | - |
Eggs | - | 0.593 | - | - |
Red meat | - | 0.452 | - | - |
Cold cured meat | - | 0.333 | −0.416 | - |
Lard | - | 0.441 | - | - |
Fried foods | - | 0.491 | - | - |
Vegetable oils | - | 0.384 | - | - |
Mayonnaise | - | 0.395 | - | - |
French-fries | - | - | - | 0.502 |
Coca cola | - | - | - | 0.579 |
Fruit juice | - | - | - | - |
Fruit | 0.662 | - | - | - |
Vegetables | 0.626 | - | - | - |
Boiled potatoes | - | - | −0.624 | - |
Whole grains | 0.329 | - | 0.583 | - |
Refined grains | - | - | −0.702 | - |
Sugar and sweets | - | - | −0.551 | - |
Percentage of variance explained (%) | 12.742 | 9.693 | 5.497 | 5.029 |
DP | T | Demographic and social variables and lifestyle | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Age 52–66 years | Rural environm. | University education | Smokers | Physical activity* | ||
I | T1 | 64.0 | 61.7 | 35.4 | 34.1 | 34.9 | 15.6 ± 10.4 |
60.6-67.2 | 58.3-65.0 | 32.1-38.8 | 30.8-37.4 | 31.7-38.3 | 14.9-16.3 | ||
T2 | 78.0 | 63.2 | 32.9 | 41.6 | 25.3 | 18.1 ± 10.6 | |
75.0-80.8 | 59.9-66.5 | 29.7-36.2 | 38.2-45.0 | 22.3-28.4 | 17.4-18.8 | ||
T3 | 85.97 | 63.0 | 26.6 | 45.9 | 22.0 | 20.5 ± 11.5 | |
83.4-88.3 | 59.6-66.3 | 23.6-29.8 | 42.5-49.4 | 19.3-25.0 | 19.7-21.3 | ||
p | 0.0000 | ns | 0.0004 | 0.0000 | 0.0003 | 0.0000 | |
II | T1 | 84.3 | 65.0 | 33.4 | 38.7 | 23.9 | 17.2 ± 10.5 |
81.6-86.7 | 61.7-68.3 | 30.2-36.8 | 35.4-42.2 | 21.0-26.9 | 16.5-17.9 | ||
T2 | 78.7 | 62.0 | 33.41 | 40.8 | 27.2 | 18.2 ± 10.6 | |
75.7-81.4 | 58.6-65.3 | 30.2-36.8 | 37.4-44.2 | 24.2-30.4 | 17.4-18.9 | ||
T3 | 65.1 | 60.9 | 28.1 | 42.1 | 31.1 | 18.9 ± 11.9 | |
61.7-68.3 | 57.5-64.3 | 25.0-31.3 | 38.7-45.5 | 27.9-34.4 | 18.1-19.7 | ||
p | 0.0000 | ns | 0.0256 | ns | 0.0001 | 0.0063 | |
III | T1 | 67.1 | 61.0 | 44.3 | 25.9 | 38.1 | 18.0 ± 11.1 |
63.8-70.3 | 57.6-64.4 | 40.9-47.8 | 23.0-29.0 | 34.8-41.6 | 17.3-18.8 | ||
T2 | 78.1 | 63.6 | 30.7 | 40.4 | 25.5 | 17.9 ± 10.9 | |
75.1-80.9 | 60.2-66.9 | 27.6-34.0 | 37.0-43.8 | 22.6-28.6 | 17.2-18.7 | ||
T3 | 82.81 | 63.3 | 19.9 | 55.3 | 18.6 | 18.3 ± 11.1 | |
80.1-85.3 | 59.9-66.6 | 17.2-22.7 | 51.9-58.8 | 16.0-21.4 | 17.5-19.0 | ||
p | 0.0000 | ns | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | ns | |
IV | T1 | 78.2 | 68.6 | 28.7 | 39.5 | 27.4 | 17.1 ± 10.6 |
75.2-81.0 | 65.4-71.8 | 25.6-31.9 | 36.1-42.9 | 24.4-30.5 | 16.4-17.9 | ||
T2 | 75.9 | 65.8 | 30.5 | 41.5 | 25.2 | 18.2 ± 10.8 | |
72.9-78.8 | 62.4-69.0 | 27.4-33.7 | 38.1-44.9 | 22.2-28.3 | 17.4-18.9 | ||
T3 | 73.9 | 53.5 | 35.7 | 40.7 | 29.7 | 18.9 ± 11.6 | |
70.7-76.8 | 50.0-57.0 | 32.4-39.1 | 37.3-44.1 | 26.6-32.9 | 18.1-19.7 | ||
p | ns | 0.0000 | 0.0061 | ns | ns | 0.0046 |
Dietary patterns | T | Abnormal values of metabolic syndrome features | MONW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waist circumf. | Fasting glucose | Triglycerides | HDL cholest. | Blood pressure | |||
I | T1 | 24.6 | 22.1 | 29.7 | 24.4 | 66.2 | 25.1 |
21.7-27.7 | 19.3-25.1 | 26.7-33.0 | 21.5-27.4 | 62.8-69.4 | 22.2-28.2 | ||
T2 | 30.4 | 17.8 | 26.0 | 22.49 | 66.5 | 23.8 | |
27.2-33.6 | 15.2-20.6 | 23.0-29.0 | 19.7-25.5 | 63.2-69.7 | 20.9-26.9 | ||
T3 | 26.8 | 15.4 | 20.44 | 19.2 | 63.4 | 18.5 | |
23.9-30.0 | 13.0-18.0 | 17.7-23.4 | 16.6-22.1 | 60.0-66.7 | 15.9-21.3 | ||
p | 0.0304 | 0.0017 | 0.0001 | 0.0386 | ns | 0.0030 | |
II | T1 | 28.6 | 16.2 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 63.1 | 21.4 |
25.5-31.8 | 13.8-18.9 | 20.3-26.2 | 20.4-26.3 | 59.1-66.4 | 18.7-24.4 | ||
T2 | 28.4 | 16.4 | 24.3 | 20.9 | 64.6 | 21.3 | |
25.3-31.6 | 14.0-19.1 | 21.4-27.3 | 25.5-32.1 | 61.3-67.9 | 18.5-24.2 | ||
T3 | 24.9 | 22.6 | 28.7 | 21.9 | 68.4 | 24.7 | |
21.9-27.9 | 19.7-25.6 | 25.7-32.0 | 19.2-24.9 | 65.1-71.5 | 21.8-27-8 | ||
p | ns | 0.0008 | 0.0219 | ns | ns | ns | |
III | T1 | 28.3 | 22.6 | 30.5 | 26.5 | 65.5 | 27.9 |
25.3-31.5 | 19.8-25.7 | 27.4-33.8 | 23.5-29.7 | 62.1-68.7 | 24.8-31.0 | ||
T2 | 29.3 | 15.7 | 23.6 | 20.4 | 66.0 | 21.4 | |
26.2-32.5 | 13.3-18.4 | 20.7-26.6 | 17.7-23.3 | 62.7-69.3 | 18.6-24.3 | ||
T3 | 24.2 | 16.8 | 22.0 | 19.1 | 64.5 | 18.2 | |
21.3-27.3 | 14.3-19.6 | 19.3-25.0 | 16.5-22.0 | 61.2-67.8 | 15.6-21.0 | ||
p | 0.0494 | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | ns | 0.0000 | |
IV | T1 | 26.4 | 18.8 | 27.0 | 23.2 | 66.5 | 24.2 |
23.4-29.5 | 16.2-21.6 | 24.0-30.2 | 20.4-26.3 | 63.1-69.7 | 21.3-27.3 | ||
T2 | 27.6 | 19.2 | 23.9 | 20.6 | 65.2 | 22.6 | |
24.6-30.8 | 16.6-22.1 | 21.1-27.0 | 17.9-23.5 | 61.8-68.4 | 19.8-25.6 | ||
T3 | 27.9 | 17.2 | 25.2 | 22.3 | 64.4 | 20.6 | |
24.8-31.0 | 14.7-19.9 | 22.3-28.3 | 19.5-25.3 | 61.0-67.7 | 17.9-23.5 | ||
p | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Tertile | Dietary patterns | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Fat, meat and alcohol | Prudent | Coca cola, hard cheese and French-fries | |
T1 | 80.9 ± 7.7 | 78.5 ± 7.2 | 80.5 ± 7.6 | 79.0 ± 7.6 |
80.3-81.4 | 78.0-79.0 | 80.0-81.0 | 78.5-79.5 | |
T2 | 79.4 ± 7.6 | 79.2 ± 7.4 | 79.4 ± 7.9 | 79.1 ± 7.6 |
78.9-79.9 | 78.7-79.9 | 78.8-79.9 | 78.6-79.6 | |
T3 | 77.5 ± 7.0 | 80.0 ± 7.9 | 77.9 ± 6.9 | 79.6 ± 7.2 |
77.0-78.0 | 79.5-80.6 | 77.4-78.3 | 79.1-80.1 | |
p | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | ns |
Abnormal values of metabolic syndrome features | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary patterns | T | Waist circumf. | Fasting glucose | Triglycerides | HDL cholest. | Blood pressure | MONW |
I | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Healthy | T2 | 1.13** | 0.76* | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.93 |
0.93-1.39 | 0.60-0.98 | 0.66-1.03 | 0.72-1.13 | 0.81-1.21 | 0.74-1.16 | ||
T3 | 0.89 | 0.64** | 0.61*** | 0.73* | 1.13 | 0.68** | |
0.71-1.11 | 0.50-0.82 | 0.48-0.76 | 0.58-0.94 | 0.93-1.39 | 0.53-0.86 | ||
II | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Fat, meat and alcohol | T2 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.98 |
0.81-1.25 | 0.78-1.31 | 0.85-1.33 | 0.68-1.08 | 0.77-1.15 | 0.77-1.24 | ||
T3 | 1,21 | 1.50** | 1.34** | 0.94 | 0.79 | 1.22 | |
0.97-1.51 | 1.18-1.93 | 1.08-1.68 | 0.74-1.18 | 0.64-0.97 | 0.97-1.53 | ||
III | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Prudent | T2 | 0.95 | 0.64*** | 0.70** | 0.71** | 0.98 | 0.71** |
0.77-1.18 | 0.50-0.82 | 0.56-0.87 | 0.57-0.89 | 0.80-1.20 | 0.56-0.88 | ||
T3 | 1.24 | 0.69** | 0.64*** | 0.65*** | 1.04 | 0.57*** | |
0.99-1.54 | 0.54-0.88 | 0.52-0.80 | 0.52-0.83 | 0.85-1.28 | 0.45-0.73 | ||
IV | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Coca cola, hard cheese, French-fries | T2 | 0.94 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 1.06 | 0.91 |
0.76-1.17 | 0.81-1.32 | 0.68-1.06 | 0.68-1.08 | 0.86-1.30 | 0.73-1.15 | ||
T3 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.81 | |
0.75-1.15 | 0.70-1.16 | 0.73-1.13 | 0.71-1.19 | 0.89-1.34 | 0.64-1.02 |
Abnormal values of metabolic syndrome features | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary patterns | T | Waist circumf. | Fasting glucose | Triglycerides | HDL cholest. | Blood pressure | MONW |
I | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Healthy | T2 | 0.81* | 0.91 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.86 | 1.11 |
0.67-0.99 | 0.71-1.18 | 0.80-1.23 | 0.81-1.31 | 0.70-1.07 | 0.88-1.40 | ||
T3 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.87 | |
0.90-1.10 | 0.64-1.10 | 0.62-1.01 | 0.70-1.15 | 0.74-1.15 | 0.68-1.13 | ||
II | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Fat, meat and alcohol | T2 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 0.94 |
0.74-1.15 | 0.73-1.24 | 0.80-1.29 | 0.65-1.04 | 0.79-1.20 | 0.74-1.20 | ||
T3 | 0.93 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 1.04 | |
0.74-1.17 | 0.96-1.62 | 0.90-1.44 | 0.62-1.01 | 0.75-1.15 | 0.82-1.33 | ||
III | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Prudent | T2 | 0.98 | 0.74* | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.79 |
0.78-1.22 | 0.57-0.96 | 0.64-1.02 | 0.62-1,00 | 0.71-1.10 | 0.62-1.00 | ||
T3 | 1.22 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.77* | 0.92 | 0.69** | |
0.96-1.55 | 0.67-1.16 | 0.63-1.02 | 0.59-0.99 | 0.73-1.15 | 0.53-0.89 | ||
IV | T1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Coca cola, hard cheese, French-fries | T2 | 0.90 | 1.03 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 1.07 | 0.91 |
0.72-1.13 | 0.80-1.33 | 0.67-1.06 | 0.67-1.07 | 0.86-1.32 | 0.72-1.16 | ||
T3 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.82 | |
0.70-1.10 | 0.70-1.19 | 0.72-1.14 | 0.74-1.19 | 0.84-1.29 | 0.64-1.04 |