Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design and study population
Measurements
Definition of hospital-acquired disability (HAD)
The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI)
Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI)
Peri-operative physical therapy program
Clinical data
Outcomes and follow-up
Statistical analysis
Results
The baseline characteristics and the differences between with or without HAD
Overall (n = 135) | HAD group (n = 47) | Non-HAD group (n = 88) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, male, n (%) | 73 (54.1) | 25 (53.2) | 48 (54.6) | 1.000 |
Age, year | 57.0 (52.0–62.0) | 57.0 (51.0–65.0) | 57.0 (52.0–62.0) | 0.701 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 19.6 (17.0–22.3) | 20.0 (17.0–22.1) | 19.5 (16.9–22.5) | 0.908 |
GNRI, points | 81.6 (73.7–90.9) | 81.6 (73.7–90.3) | 81.8 (72.8–91.1) | 0.702 |
< 92 | 105 (77.8) | 38 (80.9) | 67 (76.1) | 0.665 |
≥ 92 | 30 (22.2) | 9 (19.2) | 21 (23.9) | |
Type of disease, n (%) | ||||
Primary biliary cirrhosis | 11 (8.1) | 6 (12.8) | 5 (5.7) | 0.557 |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 7 (5.2) | 3 (6.4) | 4 (4.6) | |
Hepatitis B virus | 15 (11.1) | 4 (8.5) | 11 (12.5) | |
Hepatitis C virus | 51 (37.8) | 19 (40.4) | 32 (36.4) | |
Non-B, non-C liver cirrhosis | 13 (9.6) | 5 (10.6) | 8 (9.1) | |
Other | 38 (28.1) | 10 (21.3) | 28 (31.8) | |
Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 54 (40.0) | 20 (42.6) | 34 (38.6) | 0.714 |
Chronic kidney disease | 59 (43.7) | 23 (48.9) | 36 (40.9) | 0.467 |
Pre-operative eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 66.9 (46.4–86.4) | 62.0 (43.3–87.7) | 69.8 (49.1–85.6) | 0.722 |
Post-operative eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 62.8 (46.1–74.4) | 61.5 (46.2–74.1) | 63.5 (45.9–74.4) | 0.541 |
Δ eGFR (admission to discharge), mL/min/1.73m2 | 9.4 (− 10.3 to 20.8) | 9.8 (− 10.3 to 30.3) | 8.8 (− 10.7 to 18.0) | 0.567 |
MELD score | 16.0 (12.0–22.0) | 15.0 (12.0–20.0) | 17.0 (12.0–22.0) | 0.393 |
Operation time, min | 761.0 (701.0–849.0) | 798.0 (710.0–925.0) | 750.0 (695.0–820.3) | 0.036 |
Operative blood loss, g | 5550 (3550–9500) | 7000 (3140–12,670) | 4935 (3663–8735) | 0.223 |
Donor age, year | 33 (27–43) | 33 (26.0–42.0) | 33 (27.0–45.3) | 0.914 |
Left lobe graft, n (%) | 87 (64.4) | 31 (66.0) | 56 (63.6) | 0.470 |
GW/SLV, % | 40.2 (33.7–49.3) | 39.7 (33.7–44.5) | 41.4 (33.3–51.8) | 0.170 |
ABO-incompatible, n (%) | 30 (22.2) | 8 (17.0) | 22 (25.0) | 0.076 |
SMI, cm2/m2 | ||||
Male, n (%) | 44.5 (39.0–48.8) | 44.5 (40.8–48.6) | 44.4 (37.9–49.1) | 0.803 |
Female, n (%) | 41.0 (36.1–47.9) | 41. (37.9–49.2) | 41.1 (34.9–47.7) | 0.354 |
Initial walking, day | 9 (6–15) | 13.0 (7.0–19.0) | 8.0 (6.0–12.8) | 0.013 |
ICU length of stay, days | 5 (4–8) | 5.0 (4.0–9.0) | 5.0 (4.0–7.8) | 0.218 |
BI at admission, points | 100 (90–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (80–100) | 0.032 |
BI at hospital discharge, points | 100 (90–100) | 90 (70–95) | 100 (100–100) | < 0.001 |
Hospital length of stay, days | 48.0 (37.0–67.0) | 58.0 (46.0–76.0) | 45.0 (36.0–58.8) | < 0.001 |
Transfer to hospital, n (%) | 29 (21.6) | 18 (39.1) | 11 (12.5) | 0.001 |
Period after discharged from a hospital, months | 28.1 (27.6–28.4) | 27.8 (27.3–28.1) | 28.2 (27.8–28.4) | < 0.001 |
Cause of death, n (%) | 13 (9.6) | 10 (21.3) | 3 (3.4) | 0.189 |
Factors of graft side | 4 (3.0) | 4 (8.5) | 0 | |
Factors of recipient side | 3 (2.2) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (1.1) | |
Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | |
Other carcinoma | 3 (2.2) | 3 (6.4) | 0 | |
Other | 2 (1.5) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) |
Non-HAD and high SMI group (n = 58) | Non-HAD and Low SMI group (n = 31) | HAD and high SMI group (n = 34) | HAD and low SMI group (n = 12) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, male, n (%) | 33 (57.0) | 15 (48.4) | 18 (52.9) | 7 (58.3) | 0.874 |
Age, year | 57.0 (52.0–63.0) | 57.0 (50.0–61.0) | 57.0 (52.0–65.0) | 56.0 (46.3–63.3) | 0.695 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 20.4 (17.7–23.4) | 18.9 (15.8–21.0) | 19.9 (17.7–22.1) | 19.6 (16.2–22.0) | 0.087 |
GNRI, points | 83.8 (75.5–92.2) | 78.7 (69.7–85.8) | 84.3 (73.6–91.5) | 80.7 (75.2–89.1) | 0.392 |
< 92 | 43 (74.1) | 25 (80.7) | 27 (79.4) | 10 (83.3) | 0.835 |
≥ 92 | 15 (25.9) | 6 (19.4) | 7 (20.6) | 2 (16.7) | |
Type of disease, n (%) | |||||
Primary biliary cirrhosis | 4 (6.9) | 1 (3.2) | 6 (17.7) | 0 | 0.074 |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 2 (3.5) | 2 (6.5) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (16.7) | |
Hepatitis B Virus | 8 (13.8) | 3 (9.7) | 4 (11.8) | 0 | |
Hepatitis C virus | 21 (36.2) | 12 (38.7) | 12 (35.3) | 6 (50.0) | |
Non-B, non-C liver cirrhosis | 6 (10.3) | 2 (6.5) | 4 (11.8) | 1 (8.3) | |
Other | 17 (29.3) | 11 (35.5) | 7 (21.0) | 3 (25.0) | |
Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 25 (43.1) | 10 (32.3) | 14 (41.8) | 5 (41.7) | 0.792 |
MELD score | 17.0 (11.0–21.3) | 17.0 (12.0–18.0) | 15.0 (12.0–18.3) | 17.0 (13.0–23.0) | 0.796 |
Operation time, min | 752.0 (702.5–829.3) | 739.0 (686.0–803.0) | 780.5 (706.0–904.0) | 849.0 (751.3–962.0) | 0.064 |
Operative blood loss, g | 5225 (3463–8627) | 4900 (3700–8900) | 6300 (2899–12,337) | 7848 (4900–13,292.5) | 0.248 |
Donor age, year | 31.5 (26.8–40.3) | 36.0 (30.0–53.0) | 33.0 (25.5–40.3) | 34.0 (29.0–45.8) | 0.504 |
Left lobe graft, n (%) | 36 (62.1) | 21 (67.7) | 22 (64.7) | 8 (66.7) | 0.642 |
GW/SLV, % | 39.7 (33.7–51.6) | 42.5 (33.0–52.9) | 40.2 (33.5–44.4) | 37.8 (33.7–45.3) | 0.626 |
ABO-incompatible, n (%) | 11 (19.0) | 11 (35.5) | 7 (20.1) | 1 (8.3) | 0.029 |
SMI, cm2/m2 | |||||
Male, n (%) | 47.8 (44.1–55.4) | 35.5 (30.7–39.3) | 46.6 (43.8–49.6) | 37.6 (35.6–41.2) | < 0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 46.7 (43.2–48.9) | 33.4 (28.9–36.1) | 43.0 (39.9–49.5) | 34.5 (32.4–37.1) | < 0.001 |
Initial walking, day | 8.0 (5.0–11.3) | 11.0 (7.0–15.0) | 13.0 (6.8–19.3) | 11.5 (6.3–41.3) | 0.052 |
ICU length of stay, days | 5.0 (3.8–7.3) | 5.0 (4.0–8.0) | 5.5 (4.0–9.0) | 5.5 (5.0–15.8) | 0.237 |
BI at admission, points | 100 (80–100) | 100 (65–100) | 100 (95–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.119 |
BI at hospital discharge, points | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 90 (70–95) | 90 (85–95) | < 0.001 |
Hospital length of stay, days | 42.0 (33.0–52.3) | 52.0 (37.0–76.0) | 58.0 (46.8–74.5) | 58.0 (39.3–99.5) | < 0.001 |
Transfer to hospital, n (%) | 5 (8.6) | 6 (19.4) | 14 (42.4) | 4 (33.3) | < 0.01 |
Overall survival analyses according to HAD in patients with LDLT
The results of the univariable and multivariable analyses for survival and HAD
Predicter | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
HAD (HAD = 1, non-HAD = 0) | 17.43 | (3.29–92.46) | < 0.001 | 16.54 | (3.50–78.06) | < 0.001 |
Age | 1.00 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.891 | |||
Gender (male = 1, female = 0) | 5.97 | (1.20–29.66) | 0.013 | 5.72 | (1.26–26.07) | < 0.01 |
BMI | 0.93 | (0.76–1.12) | 0.456 | |||
MELD score | 0.99 | (0.90–1.08) | 0.892 | |||
GW/SLV | 1.07 | (1.00–1.15) | 0.046 | 1.05 | (1.00–1.11) | 0.055 |
SMI (low = 1, high = 0) | 0.96 | (0.87–1.05) | 0.365 | |||
GNRI (< 92 = 1, ≥ 92 = 0) | 0.28 | (0.06–1.39) | 0.123 | |||
CKD (CKD = 1, non-CKD = 0) | 1.32 | (0.38–4.62) | 0.664 | |||
Donor age | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 0.797 | |||
Blood loss | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.800 |
Predicter | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
Non-HAD and high SMI | [Reference] | [Reference] | ||||
Non-HAD and Low SMI | 8.09 | – | 1.000 | 6.90 | – | 1.000 |
HAD and High SMI | 8.05 | (1.51–43.06) | 0.015 | 9.18 | (1.83–45.99) | 0.007 |
HAD and Low SMI | 20.82 | (2.85–152.09) | 0.003 | 16.82 | (2.96–95.68) | 0.002 |
Age | 1.00 | (0.94–1.07) | 0.922 | |||
Gender (Male = 1, Female = 0) | 5.53 | (1.08–28.26) | 0.023 | 5.27 | (1.16–24.07) | 0.012 |
BMI | 0.91 | (0.75–1.09) | 0.320 | |||
MELD score | 1.01 | (0.91–1.10) | 0.871 | |||
GW/SLV | 1.07 | (1.01–1.15) | 0.031 | 1.05 | (1.00–1.13) | 0.049 |
GNRI (< 92 = 1, ≥ 92 = 0) | 0.28 | (0.06–1.35) | 0.120 | |||
CKD (CKD = 1, non-CKD = 0) | 1.39 | (0.40–4.85) | 0.609 | |||
Donor age | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 0.812 | |||
Blood loss | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.457 |