Background
Mediators
Emotion regulation difficulties
Attachment
Attributional Style
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The current study
Methods
Participants
Design and Procedures
Instruments
Childhood Maltreatment
Depression
Emotion Regulation Difficulties
Attributional Style
Attachment
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Data Analysis
Results
Sample Statistics
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Age (years): M (SD) | 45.10 (11.89) | ||||
Gender (Female): n (%) | 705 (68.60) | ||||
Education: n (%) | |||||
- Less than high-school diploma | 355 (34.60) | ||||
- High-school diploma (or equivalent) | 648 (63.10) | ||||
- University degree | 22 (2.10) | ||||
- No degree | 2 (0.20) | ||||
Relationship Status (n (%)) | |||||
- In partnership | 700 (68.16) | ||||
- Divorced/Widowed | 118 (11.49) | ||||
- Not in a relationship | 209 (20.35) | ||||
Clinical Characteristics | |||||
Current MDE according to DSM-5: n (%)a | 167 (16.30) | ||||
Severity of current depressive symptoms: n (%)b | |||||
- none | 42 (4.10) | ||||
- minimal – mild | 822 (80.00) | ||||
- moderate – severe | 163 (15.90) | ||||
Former MDE: n (%) | 500 (48.70) | ||||
PCL-5 Total Score: M (SD) | 14.22 (13.70) | ||||
PCL-5 Total Score > Cut-off 33: n(%)c | 125 (12.20) | ||||
CTQ Total-Score: M (SD) | 42.84 (15.55) | ||||
CTQ-Subscales: n (%)) | Emotional Abuse | Physical Abuse | Sexual Abuse | Emotional Neglect | Physical Neglect |
None to minimald | 486 (47.30) | 781 (76.00) | 764 (74.40) | 399 (38.80) | 657 (64.00) |
Low to moderated | 275 (26.80) | 94 (9.20) | 95 (9.30) | 311 (30.30) | 175 (17.00) |
Moderate to severed | 91 (8.90) | 85 (8.30) | 107 (10.40) | 128 (12.50) | 122 (11.90) |
Severe to extremed | 175 (17.00) | 67 (6.50) | 61 (5.90) | 189 (18.40) | 73 (7.10) |
Correlational Analyses
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | 11. | 12. | 13. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | CM | - | .33 | .47 | .27 | .27 | .27 | .15 | .24 | .24 | .22 | .29 | .33 | .13 |
2. | MD | - | .68 | .54 | .65 | .57 | .46 | .74 | .63 | .60 | .70 | .34 | .44 | |
3. | PTSD | - | .49 | .53 | .53 | .28 | .57 | .46 | .55 | .56 | .28 | .39 | ||
4. | NOA | - | .60 | .62 | .37 | .75 | .58 | .74 | .66 | .25 | .45 | |||
5. | GOA | - | .74 | .30 | .81 | .55 | .62 | .66 | .23 | .47 | ||||
6. | IMP | - | .32 | .76 | .56 | .59 | .60 | .20 | .47 | |||||
7. | AWA | - | .46 | .71 | .36 | .44 | .41 | .14 | ||||||
8. | STR | - | .65 | .75 | .83 | .29 | .53 | |||||||
9. | CLA | - | .57 | .60 | .39 | .35 | ||||||||
10. | RUM | - | .76 | .24 | .52 | |||||||||
11. | DA | - | .35 | .53 | ||||||||||
12. | AVO | - | .12 | |||||||||||
13. | ANX | - |
Mediational Analysis
Effects from | Total (95% CI) | Direct (95% CI) | Total indirect (95% CI) |
CM to MD | .33*** (.255, .395) | .00 (-.060, .064) | .32*** (.264, .383) |
Mediating variable (M) | Effect of CM on M (95% CI) | Effect of M on MD (95% CI) | Specific Indirect Effect (95% CI) |
PTSD | .31*** (.238; .372) | .34*** (.268; .419) | .11*** (.072, .137) |
NOA | .21*** (.138; .274) | -.11* (-.198; -.015) | -.02* (-.042, -.002) |
GOA | .27*** (.204; .332) | .11* (.012; .209) | .03* (.002, .057) |
IMP | .27*** (.199; .339) | -.10* (-.196; -.009) | -.03* (-.054, -.001) |
AWA | .15*** (.082; .220) | .04 (-.041; .115) | .01 (-.006, .018) |
STR | .24*** (.174; .307) | .36*** (.202; .519) | .09*** (.042, .132) |
CLA | .24*** (.171; .302) | .18*** (.080; .274) | .04** (.017, .067) |
RUM | .22*** (.146; .291) | -.03 (-.136; .076) | -.01 (-.030, .017) |
DA | .29*** (226; .355) | .14** (.041; .245) | .04** (.011, .072) |
AVO | .33*** (.270; .390) | .03 (-.018; .085) | .01 (-.006, .028) |
ANX | .13*** (.066; .200) | .03 (-.035; .086) | .00 (-.005, .012) |
Effect of M on PTSD (95% CI) | Specific Indirect Effect (95% CI) | ||
NOA (via PTSD) | .00 (-.113;.115) | .00 (-.008, .008) | |
GOA (via PTSD) | .07 (-.052; .194) | .01 (-.005, .018) | |
IMP via PTSD | .11 (-.010; .219) | .01 (-.002, .021) | |
AWA via PTSD | -.05 (-.140; .049) | .00 (-.007, .003) | |
STR via PTSD | .08 (-.106; .271) | .01 (-.009, .022) | |
CLA via PTSD | .09 (-.021; .209) | .01 (-.002, .017) | |
RUM via PTSD | .18** (.045; .323) | .01* (.002, .025) | |
DA via PTSD | .08 (-.059; .210) | .01 (-.006, .021) | |
AVO via PTSD | .02 (-.041; .084) | .00 (-.005, .010) | |
ANX via PTSD | .06 (-.015; .126) | .00 (-.001, .006) |