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Erschienen in: Allergo Journal 1/2019

29.01.2019 | Asthma bronchiale | Übersicht

Luftschadstoffe und primäre Prävention von Allergien

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Joachim Heinrich

Erschienen in: Allergo Journal | Ausgabe 1/2019

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Luftschadstoffe wie Feinstaub (PM2,5) und Stickstoffdioxid (NO2) in der Außenluft stehen seit Langem in Verdacht, die Entwicklung von Asthma und allergischer Rhinitis zu verursachen. Diverse systematische Reviews der letzten 15 Jahre kommen aber zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen, ob diese Luftschadstoffe tatsächlich eine kausale Rolle für die Entstehung von Asthma, allergischer Rhinitis und Ekzem spielen.

Methoden

Basierend auf publizierten systematischen Reviews und den neuesten Publikationen wird der aktuelle Kenntnisstand der epidemiologischen Evidenz dargestellt und das Potenzial einer primären Prävention dieser allergischen Erkrankungen durch Verringerung oder Vermeidung der Exposition mit diesen Luftschadstoffen bewertet.

Ergebnisse

Trotz umfangreicher Literaturrecherche, Darstellung neuester Ergebnisse und Fokussierung auf die für unsere Belange qualitativ hochwertigen Geburtskohortenstudien unterstützen epidemiologische Ergebnisse nicht ausreichend die Vorstellung von einer kausalen Beziehung zwischen den beiden ausgewählten Luftschadstoffen PM2,5 und NO2 und Asthma. Epidemiologische Studien zeigen überwiegend keine Effekte dieser Luftschadstoffe auf die allergische Sensibilisierung und das Auftreten von Heuschnupfen. Die wenigen Studien, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Luftschadstoffen und Ekzem untersucht haben, zeigen überwiegend keine Assoziation.

Schlussfolgerung

Wenn die Evidenz einer kausalen Rolle dieser Luftschadstoffe für das Auftreten von Allergien nicht eindeutig belegt ist, muss man folgerichtig schließen, dass eine primäre Prävention von Allergien durch die Verbesserung der Luftqualität wahrscheinlich nicht möglich ist. Allerdings liegt eine ausreichende Evidenz dafür vor, dass Exazerbationen von allergischen Erkrankungen durch Luftschadstoffe ausgelöst werden können. Allein daraus ergibt sich das Erfordernis, für die Einhaltung der bestehenden Grenzwerte von Luftschadstoffen zu sorgen, um speziell Allergiker vor gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen zu schützen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Luftschadstoffe und primäre Prävention von Allergien
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Joachim Heinrich
Publikationsdatum
29.01.2019
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Allergo Journal / Ausgabe 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0941-8849
Elektronische ISSN: 2195-6405
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s15007-019-1784-2

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