nach oben

Neuropsychology Review

Erschienen in:

01.03.2014 | Review

Brain Networks in Schizophrenia

verfasst von: Martijn P. van den Heuvel, Alex Fornito

Erschienen in: Neuropsychology Review | Ausgabe 1/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Schizophrenia—a severe psychiatric condition characterized by hallucinations, delusions, loss of initiative and cognitive function—is hypothesized to result from abnormal anatomical neural connectivity and a consequent decoupling of the brain’s integrative thought processes. The rise of in vivo neuroimaging techniques has refueled the formulation of dysconnectivity hypotheses, linking schizophrenia to abnormal structural and functional connectivity in the brain at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Over the past few years, advances in high-field structural and functional neuroimaging techniques have made it increasingly feasible to reconstruct comprehensive maps of the macroscopic neural wiring system of the human brain, know as the connectome. In parallel, advances in network science and graph theory have improved our ability to study the spatial and topological organizational layout of such neural connectivity maps in detail. Combined, the field of neural connectomics has created a novel platform that provides a deeper understanding of the overall organization of brain wiring, its relation to healthy brain function and human cognition, and conversely, how brain disorders such as schizophrenia arise from abnormal brain network wiring and dynamics. In this review we discuss recent findings of connectomic studies in schizophrenia that examine how the disorder relates to disruptions of brain connectivity.

The distinction between the prefixes ‘dis’ and ‘dys’ was drawn on etymological grounds by Stephan et al.: in Latin, ‘dis’ refers to a reduction or breakdown; in Greek, ‘dys’ connotes bad or ill and implies that changes could involve both abnormal decreases and/or increases.

Adelstein, J. S., Shehzad, Z., Mennes, M., Deyoung, C. G., Zuo, X. N., Kelly, C., Margulies, D. S., Bloomfield, A., Gray, J. R., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2011). Personality is reflected in the brain’s intrinsic functional architecture. PLoS One, 6(11), e27633.PubMedCentralPubMed

Alexander-Bloch, A. F., Gogtay, N., Meunier, D., Birn, R., Clasen, L., Lalonde, F., Lenroot, R., Giedd, J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2010). Disrupted modularity and local connectivity of brain functional networks in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 4, 147.PubMedCentralPubMed

Alexander-Bloch, A., Giedd, J. N., & Bullmore, E. (2013a). Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions. Nature reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 322–336.PubMed

Alexander-Bloch, A. F., Vertes, P. E., Stidd, R., Lalonde, F., Clasen, L., Rapoport, J., Giedd, J., Bullmore, E. T., & Gogtay, N. (2013b). The anatomical distance of functional connections predicts brain network topology in health and schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex, 23(1), 127–138.PubMedCentralPubMed

Alstott, J., Breakspear, M., Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., & Sporns, O. (2009). Modeling the impact of lesions in the human brain. PLoS Computational Biology, 5(6), e1000408.PubMedCentralPubMed

Andreasen, N. C. (1999). A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler’s “fragmented phrene” as schizencephaly. Archives of general psychiatry, 56(9), 781–787.PubMed

Assaf, Y., Blumenfeld-Katzir, T., Yovel, Y., & Basser, P. J. (2008). AxCaliber: a method for measuring axon diameter distribution from diffusion MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 59(6), 1347–1354.PubMed

Assaf, Y., Alexander, D. C., Jones, D. K., Bizzi, A., Behrens, T. E., Clark, C. A., Cohen, Y., Dyrby, T. B., Huppi, P. S., Knoesche, T. R., Lebihan, D., Parker, G. J., Poupon, C., Anaby, D., Anwander, A., Bar, L., Barazany, D., Blumenfeld-Katzir, T., De-Santis, S., Duclap, D., Figini, M., Fischi, E., Guevara, P., Hubbard, P., Hofstetter, S., Jbabdi, S., Kunz, N., Lazeyras, F., Lebois, A., Liptrot, M. G., Lundell, H., Mangin, J. F., Dominguez, D. M., Morozov, D., Schreiber, J., Seunarine, K., Nava, S., Poupon, C., Riffert, T., Sasson, E., Schmitt, B., Shemesh, N., Sotiropoulos, S. N., Tavor, I., Zhang, H. G., & Zhou, F. L. (2013). The CONNECT project: combining macro- and micro-structure. NeuroImage, 80, 273–282.PubMed

Barazany, D., Basser, P. J., & Assaf, Y. (2009). In vivo measurement of axon diameter distribution in the corpus callosum of rat brain. Brain, 132(Pt 5), 1210–1220.PubMedCentralPubMed

Basser, P. J., & Pierpaoli, C. (1996). Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. Journal of magnetic resonance, 111(3), 209–219.PubMed

Basser, P. J., Pajevic, S., Pierpaoli, C., Duda, J., & Aldroubi, A. (2000). In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 44(4), 625–632.PubMed

Bassett, D. S., Bullmore, E., Verchinski, B. A., Mattay, V. S., Weinberger, D. R., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(37), 9239–9248.PubMedCentralPubMed

Bassett, D. S., Bullmore, E. T., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Apud, J. A., Weinberger, D. R., & Coppola, R. (2009). Cognitive fitness of cost-efficient brain functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(28), 11747–11752.PubMedCentralPubMed

Bassett, D. S., Wymbs, N. F., Porter, M. A., Mucha, P. J., Carlson, J. M., & Grafton, S. T. (2011). Dynamic reconfiguration of human brain networks during learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(18), 7641–7646.PubMedCentralPubMed

Beaulieu, C. (2002). The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system—a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine, 15(7–8), 435–455.PubMed

Beaulieu, C., & Allen, P. S. (1994). Determinants of anisotropic water diffusion in nerves. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 31(4), 394–400.PubMed

Becerril, K. E., Repovs, G., & Barch, D. M. (2011). Error processing network dynamics in schizophrenia. NeuroImage, 54(2), 1495–1505.PubMedCentralPubMed

Bleuler, E. (1911). Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press.

Boersma M, Kemner C, De Reus M, Collin G, Snijders T, Hofman D, Buitelaar J, Stam C, van den Heuvel M. 2013. Disrupted functional brain networks in autistic toddlers. Brain connectivity.

Boos, H. B., Mandl, R. C., van Haren, N. E., Cahn, W., van Baal, G. C., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2013). Tract-based diffusion tensor imaging in patients with schizophrenia and their non-psychotic siblings. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(4), 295–304.PubMed

Bora, E., Fornito, A., Radua, J., Walterfang, M., Seal, M., Wood, S. J., Yucel, M., Velakoulis, D., & Pantelis, C. (2011). Neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia: a multimodal voxelwise meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Schizophrenia research, 127(1–3), 46–57.PubMed

Breakspear, M., Jirsa, V., & Deco, G. (2011). Computational models of the brain: from structure to function. NeuroImage, 52(3), 727–730.

Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2012). Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. Neuron, 74(6), 990–1004.PubMed

Buckner, R. L., Sepulcre, J., Talukdar, T., Krienen, F. M., Liu, H., Hedden, T., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Sperling, R. A., & Johnson, K. A. (2009). Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(6), 1860–1873.PubMedCentralPubMed

Bullmore, E. T., & Bassett, D. S. (2011). Brain graphs: graphical models of the human brain connectome. Annual review of clinical psychology, 7, 113–140.PubMed

Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nature reviews, 10(3), 186–198.PubMed

Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2012). The economy of brain network organization. Nature reviews, 13(5), 336–349.PubMed

Bullmore, E. T., Frangou, S., & Murray, R. M. (1997). The dysplastic net hypothesis: an integration of developmental and dysconnectivity theories of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 28(2–3), 143–156.PubMed

Bullmore, E., Barnes, A., Bassett, D. S., Fornito, A., Kitzbichler, M., Meunier, D., & Suckling, J. (2009). Generic aspects of complexity in brain imaging data and other biological systems. NeuroImage, 47(3), 1125–1134.PubMed

Cabral, J., Hugues, E., Kringelbach, M. L., & Deco, G. (2012). Modeling the outcome of structural disconnection on resting-state functional connectivity. NeuroImage, 62(3), 1342–1353.PubMed

Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Meskaldji, D., Thiran, J. P., Sporns, O., Do, K. Q., Maeder, P., Meuli, R., & Hagmann, P. (2011). Mapping the human connectome at multiple scales with diffusion spectrum MRI. Journal of neuroscience methods, 203(2), 386–397.PubMed

Cole, M. W., Anticevic, A., Repovs, G., & Barch, D. (2011). Variable global dysconnectivity and individual differences in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 70(1), 43–50.PubMedCentralPubMed

Cole, M. W., Yarkoni, T., Repovs, G., Anticevic, A., & Braver, T. S. (2012). Global connectivity of prefrontal cortex predicts cognitive control and intelligence. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(26), 8988–8999.PubMedCentralPubMed

Collin, G., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2013). The ontogeny of the human connectome: development and dynamic changes of brain connectivity across the lifespan. Neuroscientist, 19(6), 616–28. doi:10.1177/1073858413503712.

Collin, G., de Reus, M. A., Cahn, W., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Kahn, R. S., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2012). Disturbed grey matter coupling in schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(1), 46–54.PubMed

Collin, G., Kahn, R. S., Cahn, W., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2013). Impaired rich club connectivity in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt162.

Damoiseaux, J. S., Rombouts, S. A., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., Stam, C. J., Smith, S. M., & Beckmann, C. F. (2006). Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(37), 13848–13853.PubMedCentralPubMed

Dandash, O., Fornito, A., Lee, J., Keefe, R. S., Chee, M. W., Adcock, R. A., et al. (2013). Altered striatal functional connectivity in subjects with an at-risk mental state for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin.

de Lange, S., de Reus, M. A., & Van den Heuvel, M. P. (2014). The Laplacian spectrum of neural networks. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fncom.2013.00189.PubMedCentralPubMed

de Reus, M. A., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2013a). The parcellation-based connectome: limitations and extensions. NeuroImage, 80, 397–404.PubMed

de Reus, M. A., & van den Heuvel M. P. (2013b). Rich club organization and its role in intermodular communication in the cat cortex. Journal of Neuroscience.

Deco, G., Senden, M., & Jirsa, V. (2012). How anatomy shapes dynamics: a semi-analytical study of the brain at rest by a simple spin model. Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 6, 68.PubMedCentralPubMed

Deco, G., Ponce-Alvarez, A., Mantini, D., Romani, G. L., Hagmann, P., & Corbetta, M. (2013). Resting-state functional connectivity emerges from structurally and dynamically shaped slow linear fluctuations. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(27), 11239–11252.PubMedCentralPubMed

Dennis, E. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2013). Mapping connectivity in the developing brain. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 31(7), 525–542.PubMed

Ellison-Wright, I., Bullmore, E. (2009). Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 108, 3–10.

Esslinger, C., Walter, H., Kirsch, P., Erk, S., Schnell, K., Arnold, C., Haddad, L., Mier, D., Opitz von Boberfeld, C., Raab, K., Witt, S. H., Rietschel, M., Cichon, S., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2009). Neural mechanisms of a genome-wide supported psychosis variant. Science, 324(5927), 605.PubMed

Filippi, M., van den Heuvel, M. P., Fornito, A., He, Y., Hulshoff Pol, E., Agosta, F., Comi, G., & Rocca, M. A. (2013). Assessment of system dysfunction in the brain through MRI-based connectomics. Lancet Neurology, 12(12), 1889–1199.

Foong, J., Symms, M. R., Barker, G. J., Maier, M., Woermann, F. G., Miller, D. H., & Ron, M. A. (2001). Neuropathological abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from magnetization transfer imaging. Brain, 124(Pt 5), 882–892.PubMed

Fornito, A., & Bullmore, E. T. (2010). What can spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygenation-level-dependent signal tell us about psychiatric disorders? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23, 239–249.PubMed

Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., & Bullmore, E.T. (2010). Network scaling effects in graph analytic studies of human resting-state FMRI data. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 4(22).

Fornito, A., & Bullmore, E. T. (2012). Connectomic intermediate phenotypes for psychiatric disorders. Frontiers in psychiatry/Frontiers Research Foundation, 3, 32.

Fornito, A., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009). Reconciling neuroimaging and neuropathological findings in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Current opinion in psychiatry, 22(3), 312–319.PubMed

Fornito, A., Yoon, J., Zalesky, A., Bullmore, E. T., & Carter, C. S. (2011a). General and specific functional connectivity disturbances in first-episode schizophrenia during cognitive control performance. Biological Psychiatry, 70(1), 64–72.PubMed

Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., Bassett, D. S., Meunier, D., Ellison-Wright, I., Yucel, M., Wood, S. J., Shaw, K., O’Connor, J., Nertney, D., Mowry, B. J., Pantelis, C., & Bullmore, E. T. (2011b). Genetic influences on cost-efficient organization of human cortical functional networks. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(9), 3261–3270.PubMed

Fornito, A., Harrison, B. J., Zalesky, A., & Simons, J. S. (2012a). Competitive and cooperative dynamics of large-scale brain functional networks supporting recollection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(31), 12788–12793.

Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., Pantelis, C., & Bullmore, E. T. (2012b). Schizophrenia, neuroimaging and connectomics. Neuroimage, 62(4), 2296–2314.

Fornito, A., Harrison, B. J., Goodby, E., Dean, A., Ooi, C., Nathan, P. J., Lennox, B. R., Jones, P. B., Suckling, J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2013a). Functional dysconnectivity of corticostriatal circuitry as a risk phenotype for psychosis. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1143–1151

Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., & Breakspear, M. (2013b). Graph analysis of the human connectome: promise, progress, and pitfalls. NeuroImage, 80, 426–444.

Fox, M. D., & Raichle, M. E. (2007). Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature reviews, 8(9), 700–711.PubMed

Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Zacks, J. M., & Raichle, M. E. (2006). Coherent spontaneous activity accounts for trial-to-trial variability in human evoked brain responses. Nature neuroscience, 9(1), 23–25.PubMed

Fox, M. D., Zhang, D., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (2009). The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks. Journal of Neurophysiology, 101(6), 3270–3283.PubMedCentralPubMed

Friston, K. (1994). Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: a synthesis. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 22.

Friston, K. J. (1998). The disconnection hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research, 30, 115–125.PubMed

Friston, K. (2005). Disconnection and cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 429–432.PubMed

Friston, K. J., & Frith, C. D. (1995). Schizophrenia: a disconnection syndrome? Clinical Neuroscience, 3(2), 89–97.PubMed

Friston, K. J., Buechel, C., Fink, G. R., Morris, J., Rolls, E., & Dolan, R. J. (1997). Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. NeuroImage, 6, 218–229.PubMed

Friston, K. J., Li, B., Daunizeau, J., & Stephan, K. E. (2011). Network discovery with DCM. NeuroImage, 56(3), 1202–1221.PubMedCentralPubMed

Glahn, D. C., Laird, A. R., Ellison-Wright, I., Thelen, S. M., Robinson, J. L., Lancaster, J. L., Bullmore, E., & Fox, P. T. (2008). Meta-analysis of gray matter anomalies in schizophrenia: application of anatomic likelihood estimation and network analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 64(9), 774–781.PubMed

Glahn, D. C., Winkler, A. M., Kochunov, P., Almasy, L., Duggirala, R., Carless, M. A., Curran, J. C., Olvera, R. L., Laird, A. R., Smith, S. M., Beckmann, C. F., Fox, P. T., & Blangero, J. (2010). Genetic control over the resting brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(3), 1223–1228.PubMedCentralPubMed

Gogtay, N., Hua, X., Stidd, R., Boyle, C. P., Lee, S., Weisinger, B., Chavez, A., Giedd, J. N., Clasen, L., Toga, A. W., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2012). Delayed white matter growth trajectory in young nonpsychotic siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(9), 875–884.PubMed

Gong, G., He, Y., Concha, L., Lebel, C., Gross, D. W., Evans, A. C., & Beaulieu, C. (2009). Mapping anatomical connectivity patterns of human cerebral cortex using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Cerebral Cortex, 19(3), 524–536.PubMedCentralPubMed

Greicius, M. (2008). Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Current opinion in neurology, 21(4), 424–430.PubMed

Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Meuli, R., Honey, C. J., Wedeen, V. J., & Sporns, O. (2008). Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS biology, 6(7), e159.PubMedCentralPubMed

Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Gerhard S, Ellen Grant P, Wedeen V, Meuli R, Thiran JP, Honey CJ, Sporns, O. (2010a). MR connectomics: Principles and challenges. Journal of Neuroscience methods.

Hagmann, P., Sporns, O., Madan, N., Cammoun, L., Pienaar, R., Wedeen, V. J., Meuli, R., Thiran, J. P., & Grant, P. E. (2010b). White matter maturation reshapes structural connectivity in the late developing human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(44), 19067–19072.PubMedCentralPubMed

He, Y., Chen, Z. J., & Evans, A. C. (2007). Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI. Cerebral Cortex, 17(10), 2407–2419.PubMed

Hesselmann, G., Kell, C. A., Eger, E., Kleinschmidt, A. (2008). Spontaneous local variations in ongoing neural activity bias perceptual decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 10984–10989.

Hoffman, R. E., Fernandez, T., Pittman, B., & Hampson, M. (2011). Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 69(5), 407–414.PubMedCentralPubMed

Honey, C. J., & Sporns, O. (2008). Dynamical consequences of lesions in cortical networks. Human brain mapping, 29(7), 802–809.PubMed

Honey, C. J., Kotter, R., Breakspear, M., & Sporns, O. (2007). Network structure of cerebral cortex shapes functional connectivity on multiple time scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(24), 10240–10245.PubMedCentralPubMed

Honey, C. J., Sporns, O., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Thiran, J. P., Meuli, R., & Hagmann, P. (2009). Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(6), 2035–2040.PubMedCentralPubMed

Howes, O. D., & Kapur, S. (2009). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III—the final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 549–562.PubMedCentralPubMed

Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Schnack, H. G., Mandl, R. C., Cahn, W., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., & Kahn, R. S. (2004). Focal white matter density changes in schizophrenia: reduced inter-hemispheric connectivity. NeuroImage, 21(1), 27–35.PubMed

Hutchison, R. M., Womelsdorf, T., Allen, E. A., Bandettini, P. A., Calhoun, V. D., Corbetta, M., Della Penna, S., Duyn, J. H., Glover, G. H., Gonzalez-Castillo, J., Handwerker, D. A., Keilholz, S., Kiviniemi, V., Leopold, D. A., de Pasquale, F., Sporns, O., Walter, M., & Chang, C. (2013). Dynamic functional connectivity: promise, issues, and interpretations. NeuroImage, 80, 360–378.PubMed

Iturria-Medina, Y., Sotero, R. C., Canales-Rodriguez, E. J., Aleman-Gomez, Y., & Melie-Garcia, L. (2008). Studying the human brain anatomical network via diffusion-weighted MRI and Graph Theory. NeuroImage, 40(3), 1064–1076.PubMed

Jahanshad, N., Kochunov, P. V., Sprooten, E., Mandl, R. C., Nichols, T. E., Almasy, L., Blangero, J., Brouwer, R. M., Curran, J. E., de Zubicaray, G. I., Duggirala, R., Fox, P. T., Hong, L. E., Landman, B. A., Martin, N. G., McMahon, K. L., Medland, S. E., Mitchell, B. D., Olvera, R. L., Peterson, C. P., Starr, J. M., Sussmann, J. E., Toga, A. W., Wardlaw, J. M., Wright, M. J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Bastin, M. E., McIntosh, A. M., Deary, I. J., Thompson, P. M., & Glahn, D. C. (2013a). Multi-site genetic analysis of diffusion images and voxelwise heritability analysis: a pilot project of the ENIGMA-DTI working group. NeuroImage, 81, 455–469.PubMed

Jahanshad, N., Rajagopalan, P., Hua, X., Hibar, D. P., Nir, T. M., Toga, A. W., Jack, C. R., Jr., Saykin, A. J., Green, R. C., Weiner, M. W., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Hansell, N. K., McMahon, K. L., de Zubicaray, G. I., Martin, N. G., Wright, M. J., & Thompson, P. M. (2013b). Genome-wide scan of healthy human connectome discovers SPON1 gene variant influencing dementia severity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(12), 4768–4773.PubMedCentralPubMed

Jbabdi, S., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2011). Tractography: where do we go from here? Brain connectivity, 1(3), 169–183.PubMedCentralPubMed

Jirsa, V. K., Sporns, O., Breakspear, M., Deco, G., & McIntosh, A. R. (2010). Towards the virtual brain: network modeling of the intact and the damaged brain. Archives italiennes de biologie, 148(3), 189–205.PubMed

Johansen-Berg, H. (2013). Human connectomics—what will the future demand? NeuroImage, 80, 541–544.PubMed

Johansen-Berg, H., Rushworth, M. F., Bogdanovic, M. D., Kischka, U., Wimalaratna, S., & Matthews, P. M. (2002). The role of ipsilateral premotor cortex in hand movement after stroke. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(22), 14518–14523.PubMedCentralPubMed

Jones, D. K. (2008). Studying connections in the living human brain with diffusion MRI. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 44(8), 936–952.PubMed

Karbasforoushan, H., & Woodward, N. D. (2013). Resting-state networks in schizophrenia. Current topics in medicinal chemistry, 12(21), 2404–2414.

Koutsouleris, N., Meisenzahl, E. M., Davatzikos, C., Bottlender, R., Frodl, T., Scheuerecker, J., Schmitt, G., Zetzsche, T., Decker, P., Reiser, M., Moller, H. J., & Gaser, C. (2009). Use of neuroanatomical pattern classification to identify subjects in at-risk mental states of psychosis and predict disease transition. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(7), 700–712.PubMed

Kraepelin, E. (1919). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Edinburgh: Livingstone.

Kubicki, M., Park, H., Westin, C. F., Nestor, P. G., Mulkern, R. V., Maier, S. E., Niznikiewicz, M., Connor, E. E., Levitt, J. J., Frumin, M., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F. A., McCarley, R. W., & Shenton, M. E. (2005). DTI and MTR abnormalities in schizophrenia: analysis of white matter integrity. NeuroImage, 26(4), 1109–1118.PubMedCentralPubMed

Kubicki, M., McCarley, R., Westin, C. F., Park, H. J., Maier, S., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F. A., & Shenton, M. E. (2007). A review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Journal of psychiatric research, 41(1–2), 15–30.PubMedCentralPubMed

Kubicki, M., Shenton, M. E., Maciejewski, P. K., Pelavin, P. E., Hawley, K. J., Ballinger, T., Swisher, T., Jabbar, G. A., Thermenos, H. W., Keshavan, M. S., Seidman, L. J., & Delisi, L. E. (2013). Decreased axial diffusivity within language connections: a possible biomarker of schizophrenia risk. Schizophrenia research, 148(1–3), 67–73.PubMed

Kuperberg, G. R., Broome, M. R., McGuire, P. K., David, A. S., Eddy, M., Ozawa, F., Goff, D., West, W. C., Williams, S. C., van der Kouwe, A. J., Salat, D. H., Dale, A. M., & Fischl, B. (2003). Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 60(9), 878–888.PubMed

Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J. F., Poupon, C., Clark, C. A., Pappata, S., Molko, N., & Chabriat, H. (2001). Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 13(4), 534–546.PubMed

Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, J., Qin, W., Li, K., Yu, C., & Jiang, T. (2009). Brain anatomical network and intelligence. PLoS computational biology, 5(5), e1000395.PubMedCentralPubMed

Li, Y., Liu, B., Hou, B., Qin, W., Wang, D., Yu, C., & Jiang, T. (2013). Less efficient information transfer in Cys-allele carriers of DISC1: a brain network study based on diffusion MRI. Cerebral Cortex, 23(7), 1715–1723.PubMed

Liang, M., Zhou, Y., Jiang, T., Liu, Z., Tian, L., Liu, H., & Hao, Y. (2006). Widespread functional disconnectivity in schizophrenia with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroreport, 17(2), 209–213.PubMed

Liang, X., Zou, Q., He, Y., & Yang, Y. (2013). Coupling of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow reveals a physiological basis for network hubs of the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(5), 1929–1934.PubMedCentralPubMed

Lisman, J. E., Coyle, J. T., Green, R. W., Javitt, D. C., Benes, F. M., Heckers, S., & Grace, A. A. (2008). Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends in neurosciences, 31, 234–242.PubMedCentralPubMed

Liu, Y., Liang, M., Zhou, Y., He, Y., Hao, Y., Song, M., Yu, C., Liu, H., Liu, Z., & Jiang, T. (2008). Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain, 131(Pt 4), 945–961.PubMed

Liu, M., Zeng, L. L., Shen, H., Liu, Z., & Hu, D. (2012). Potential risk for healthy siblings to develop schizophrenia: evidence from pattern classification with whole-brain connectivity. Neuroreport, 23(5), 265–269.PubMed

Lynall, M. E., Bassett, D. S., Kerwin, R., McKenna, P. J., Kitzbichler, M., Muller, U., & Bullmore, E. (2010). Functional connectivity and brain networks in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(28), 9477–9487.PubMedCentralPubMed

Mandl, R. C, Schnack H. G, Luigjes, J., van den Heuvel, M. P., Cahn, W., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010). Tract-based analysis of magnetization transfer ratio and diffusion tensor imaging of the frontal and frontotemporal connections in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(4), 778–787. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn161.

Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nature reviews Neuroscience, 7(10), 818–827.PubMed

Micheloyannis, S., Pachou, E., Stam, C. J., Breakspear, M., Bitsios, P., Vourkas, M., Erimaki, S., & Zervakis, M. (2006). Small-world networks and disturbed functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 87(1–3), 60–66.PubMed

Mori, S., & Barker, P. B. (1999). Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: its principle and applications. Anatomical Record, 257(3), 102–109.PubMed

Mori, S., & van Zijl, P. C. (2002). Fiber tracking: principles and strategies—a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine, 15(7–8), 468–480.PubMed

Murphy, K., Birn, R. M., Handwerker, D. A., Jones, T. B., & Bandettini, P. A. (2009). The impact of global signal regression on resting state correlations: are anti-correlated networks introduced? NeuroImage, 44(3), 893–905.PubMedCentralPubMed

Newman, M. E. (2006). Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(23), 8577–8582.PubMedCentralPubMed

Newmann, M. (2010). Networks: An introduction. Princeton University Press.

Nieuwenhuis, M., van Haren, N. E., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Cahn, W., Kahn, R. S., & Schnack, H. G. (2013). Classification of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls from structural MRI scans in two large independent samples. NeuroImage, 61(3), 606–612.

Ottet, M. C., Schaer, M., Debbane, M., Cammoun, L., Thiran, J. P., & Eliez, S. (2013). Graph theory reveals dysconnected hubs in 22q11DS and altered nodal efficiency in patients with hallucinations. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 402.PubMedCentralPubMed

Palaniyappan, L., Simmonite, M., White, T. P., Liddle, E. B., & Liddle, P. F. (2013). Neural primacy of the salience processing system in schizophrenia. Neuron, 79(4), 814–828.PubMedCentralPubMed

Pearlson, G. D., & Calhoun, V. D. (2009). Convergent approaches for defining functional imaging endophenotypes in schizophrenia. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 3, 37.PubMedCentralPubMed

Pettersson-Yeo, W., Allen, P., Benetti, S., McGuire, P., & Mechelli, A. (2011). Dysconnectivity in schizophrenia: where are we now? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(5), 1110–1124.PubMed

Power, J. D., Schlaggar, B. L., Lessov-Schlagger, C. N., & Petersen, S. E. (2013). Evidence for hubs in human functional brain networks. Neuron, 79, 15.

Reijmer, Y. D., Leemans, A., Caeyenberghs, K., Heringa, S. M., Koek, H. L., & Biessels, G. J. (2013). Disruption of cerebral networks and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 80(15), 1370–1377.PubMed

Repovs, G., Csernansky, J. G., & Barch, D. M. (2011). Brain network connectivity in individuals with schizophrenia and their siblings. Biological Psychiatry, 69(10), 967–973.PubMedCentralPubMed

Riecker, A., Groschel, K., Ackermann, H., Schnaudigel, S., Kassubek, J., & Kastrup, A. (2010). The role of the unaffected hemisphere in motor recovery after stroke. Human brain mapping, 31(7), 1017–1029.PubMed

Rubinov M, Bullmore E. 2013. Schizophrenia and abnormal brain network hubs. Dialogues CNS.

Saad, Z. S., Gotts, S. J., Murphy, K., Chen, G., Jo, H. J., Martin, A., & Cox, R. W. (2012). Trouble at rest: how correlation patterns and group differences become distorted after global signal regression. Brain connectivity, 2(1), 25–32.PubMedCentralPubMed

Salvador, R., Suckling, J., Coleman, M. R., Pickard, J. D., Menon, D., & Bullmore, E. (2005). Neurophysiological architecture of functional magnetic resonance images of human brain. Cerebral Cortex, 15(9), 1332–1342.PubMed

Salvador, R., Martinez, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Gomar, J., Vila, F., Sarro, S., Capdevila, A., & Bullmore, E. (2008). A simple view of the brain through a frequency-specific functional connectivity measure. NeuroImage, 39(1), 279–289.PubMed

Schnack, H. G., Nieuwenhuis, M., van Haren, N. E., Abramovic, L., Scheewe, T. W., Brouwer, R. M., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Can structural MRI aid in clinical classification? A machine learning study in two independent samples of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and healthy subjects. NeuroImage, 84C, 299–306.

Senden, M., Goebel, R., & Deco, G. (2012). Structural connectivity allows for multi-threading during rest: the structure of the cortex leads to efficient alternation between resting state exploratory behavior and default mode processing. NeuroImage, 60(4), 2274–2284.PubMed

Shehzad, Z., Kelly, A. M., Reiss, P. T., Gee, D. G., Gotimer, K., Uddin, L. Q., Lee, S. H., Margulies, D. S., Roy, A. K., Biswal, B. B., Petkova, E., Castellanos, F. X., Milham, M. P. (2009). The resting brain: unconstrained yet reliable. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2209–2229.

Shi, F., Yap, P. T., Gao, W., Lin, W., Gilmore, J. H., & Shen, D. (2012). Altered structural connectivity in neonates at genetic risk for schizophrenia: a combined study using morphological and white matter networks. NeuroImage, 62(3), 1622–1633.PubMedCentralPubMed

Skudlarski, P., Jagannathan, K., Calhoun, V. D., Hampson, M., Skudlarska, B. A., & Pearlson, G. (2008). Measuring brain connectivity: diffusion tensor imaging validates resting state temporal correlations. NeuroImage, 43(3), 554–561.PubMed

Skudlarski, P., Jagannathan, K., Anderson, K., Stevens, M. C., Calhoun, V. D., Skudlarska, B. A., & Pearlson, G. (2010). Brain connectivity is not only lower but different in schizophrenia: a combined anatomical and functional approach. Biological Psychiatry, 68(1), 61–69.PubMedCentralPubMed

Skudlarski, P., Schretlen, D. J., Thaker, G. K., Stevens, M. C., Keshavan, M. S., Sweeney, J. A., Tamminga, C. A., Clementz, B. A., O’Neil, K., & Pearlson, G. D. (2013). Diffusion tensor imaging white matter endophenotypes in patients with schizophrenia or psychotic bipolar disorder and their relatives. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), 886–898.PubMed

Smith, S. M., Fox, P. T., Miller, K. L., Glahn, D. C., Fox, P. M., Mackay, C. E., Filippini, N., Watkins, K. E., Toro, R., Laird, A. R., & Beckmann, C. F. (2009). Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(31), 13040–13045.PubMedCentralPubMed

Smith, S. M., Miller, K. L., Salimi-Khorshidi, G., Webster, M., Beckmann, C. F., Nichols, T. E., Ramsey, J. D., & Woolrich, M. W. (2011). Network modelling methods for FMRI. NeuroImage, 54(2), 875–891.PubMed

Sporns O. 2011. Networks of the Brain MIT Press.

Sporns, O. (2012a). Discovering the Human Connectome: MIT Press.

Sporns, O. (2012b). Network attributes for segregation and integration in the human brain. Current opinion in neurobiology, 23(2), 162–171.

Sporns, O., Tononi, G., & Kotter, R. (2005). The human connectome: a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Computational Biology, 1(4), e42.PubMedCentralPubMed

Sporns, O., Honey, C. J., & Kotter, R. (2007). Identification and classification of hubs in brain networks. PLoS One, 2(10), e1049.PubMedCentralPubMed

Stam, C. J., & Reijneveld, J. C. (2007). Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain. Nonlinear biomedical physics, 1(1), 3.PubMedCentralPubMed

Stam, C. J., Jones, B. F., Manshanden, I., van Cappellen van Walsum, A. M., Montez, T., Verbunt, J. P., de Munck, J. C., van Dijk, B. W., Berendse, H. W., & Scheltens, P. (2006). Magnetoencephalographic evaluation of resting-state functional connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroImage, 32(3), 1335–1344.PubMed

Stephan, K. E., Baldeweg, T., & Friston, K. J. (2006). Synaptic plasticity and dysconnection in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 59(10), 929–939.PubMed

Towlson, E. K., Vertes, P. E., Ahnert, S. E., Schafer, W. R., & Bullmore, E. T. (2013). The rich club of the C. elegans neuronal connectome. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(15), 6380–6387.PubMed

Uranova, N. A., Vikhreva, O. V., Rachmanova, V. I., & Orlovskaya, D. D. (2013). Ultrastructural alterations of myelinated fibers and oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a postmortem morphometric study. Schizophrenia research and treatment, 2011, 325789.

van Buchem, M. A. (1999). Magnetization transfer: applications in neuroradiology. Journal of computer assisted tomography, 23(Suppl 1), S9–S18.PubMed

van den Heuvel, M. P., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010). Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(8), 519–534.PubMed

van den Heuvel, M. P., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Abnormal brain wiring as a pathogenetic mechanism in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 70(12), 1107–1108.

van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O. (2011). Rich-club organization of the human connectome. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(44), 11.

van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O. (2013a). An anatomical substrate for integration among functional networks in human cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(36), 14489–14500.PubMed

van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O. (2013b). Network hubs in the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Science. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012.

van den Heuvel, M. P., Mandl, R. C., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2008a). Normalized group clustering of resting-state fMRI data. PLoS ONE, 3(4), e2001.PubMedCentralPubMed

van den Heuvel, M. P., Stam, C. J., Boersma, M., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2008b). Small-world and scale-free organization of voxel based resting-state functional connectivity in the human brain. NeuroImage, 43(3), 11.

van den Heuvel, M. P., Stam, C. J., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2009). Efficiency of functional brain networks and intellectual performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(23), 7619–7624.PubMed

van den Heuvel, M. P., Mandl, R. C., Stam, C. J., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010). Aberrant frontal and temporal complex network structure in schizophrenia: a graph theoretical analysis. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(47), 15915–15926.PubMed

van den Heuvel, M. P., Kahn, R. S., Goni, J., & Sporns, O. (2012a). High-cost, high-capacity backbone for global brain communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(28), 11372–11377.PubMedCentralPubMed

van den Heuvel, M. P., van Soelen, I. L., Stam, C. J., Kahn, R. S., Boomsma, D. I., Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2012b). Genetic control of functional brain network efficiency in children. European Neuropsychopharmacology.

van den Heuvel, M. P., Sporns, O., Collin, G., Scheewe, T., Mandl, R. C., Cahn, W., Goni, J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Abnormal rich club organization and functional brain dynamics in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(8), 783–792.PubMed

van Essen, D. C., & Ugurbil, K. (2013). The future of the human connectome. NeuroImage, 62(2), 1299–1310.

van Haren, N. E., Schnack, H. G., Cahn, W., van den Heuvel, M. P., Lepage, C., Collins, L., Evans, A. C., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2012). Changes in cortical thickness during the course of illness in schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 68(9), 871–880.

van Horn, J. D., Irimia, A., Torgerson, C. M., Chambers, M. C., Kikinis, R., & Toga, A. W. (2013). Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage. PLoS One, 7(5), e37454.

Verstraete, E., Veldink, J. H., van den Berg, L. H., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2012). Structural brain network imaging shows expanding disconnection of the motor system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Human Brain Mapping. doi:10.1002/hbm.22258.

Verstraete, E., Polders, D., Mandl, R. C. W., van den Heuvel, M. P., Veldink, J. H., Luijten, P., et al. (2013). Multimodal tract-based analysis in ALS patients at 7T: a specific white matter profile? Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration.

Vertes, P. E., Alexander-Bloch, A. F., Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L., & Bullmore, E. T. (2012). Simple models of human brain functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(15), 5868–5873.PubMedCentralPubMed

Vincent, J. L., Patel, G. H., Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Baker, J. T., Van Essen, D. C., Zempel, J. M., Snyder, L. H., Corbetta, M., & Raichle, M. E. (2007). Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain. Nature, 447(7140), 83–86.PubMed

Volkow, N. D., Wolf, A. P., Brodie, J. D., Cancro, R., Overall, J. E., Rhoades, H., & Van Gelder, P. (1988). Brain interactions in chronic schizophrenics under resting and activation conditions. Schizophrenia Research, 1, 47–53.PubMed

von Hohenberg, C. C., Pasternak, O., Kubicki, M., Ballinger, T., Vu, M. A., Swisher, T., et al. (2013). White matter microstructure in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis: a whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt079.

Wang, L., Metzak, P. D., Honer, W. G., & Woodward, T. S. (2010). Impaired efficiency of functional networks underlying episodic memory-for-context in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(39), 13171–13179.PubMed

Wang, Q., Su, T. P., Zhou, Y., Chou, K. H., Chen, I. Y., Jiang, T., & Lin, C. P. (2012). Anatomical insights into disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. NeuroImage, 59(2), 1085–1093.PubMed

Wernicke, C. (1885). Some new studies on aphasie. Fortschr Med Translated. In P. Eling (Ed.), Reader in the history of aphasia. Vol. 4 (pp. 90–98). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Thermenos, H. W., Milanovic, S., Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., McCarley, R. W., Shenton, M. E., Green, A. I., Nieto-Castanon, A., LaViolette, P., Wojcik, J., Gabrieli, J. D., & Seidman, L. J. (2009). Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(4), 1279–1284.PubMedCentralPubMed

Yu, Q., Sui, J., Rachakonda, S., He, H., Gruner, W., Pearlson, G., Kiehl, K. A., & Calhoun, V. D. (2011). Altered topological properties of functional network connectivity in schizophre nia during resting state: a small- world brain network study. PLoS ONE, 6, e25423.PubMedCentralPubMed

Yu, Q., Sergey, M. P., Erhardt, E. B., Allen, E. A., Sui, J., Kiehl, K. A., Pearlson, G., & Calhoun, V. D. (2012). Modular organization of functional network connectivity in healthy controls and patients. Front Syst neurosci. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00103.PubMedCentralPubMed

Yu, Q., Sui, J., Liu, J., Plis, S. M., Kiehl, K. A., Pearlson, G., & Calhoun, V. D. (2013). Disrupted correlation between low frequency power and connectivity strength of resting state brain networks in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 143(1), 165–171.PubMedCentralPubMed

Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Bullmore, E.T. (2010). Network-based statistic: identifying differences in brain networks. Neuroimage 53, 1197–1207.

Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Harding, I. H., Cocchi, L., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., & Bullmore, E. T. (2011a). Whole-brain anatomical networks: does the choice of nodes matter? NeuroImage, 50(3), 970–983.

Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Seal, M. L., Cocchi, L., Westin, C. F., Bullmore, E. T., Egan, G. F., & Pantelis, C. (2011b). Disrupted axonal fiber connectivity in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 69(1), 80–89.PubMed

Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., & Bullmore, E. (2012). On the use of correlation as a measure of network connectivity. NeuroImage, 60(4), 2096–2106.PubMed

Zamora-Lopez, G., Zhou, C., & Kurths, J. (2009). Graph analysis of cortical networks reveals complex anatomical communication substrate. Chaos (Woodbury, NY), 19(1), 015117.

Zhang, Y., Lin, L., Lin, C. P., Zhou, Y., Chou, K. H., Lo, C. Y., Su, T. P., & Jiang, T. (2012). Abnormal topological organization of structural brain networks in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 141(2–3), 109–118.PubMed

Titel: Brain Networks in Schizophrenia
verfasst von: Martijn P. van den Heuvel
Alex Fornito
Publikationsdatum: 01.03.2014
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Neuropsychology Review / Ausgabe 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1040-7308
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6660
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9248-7

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Frühe Alzheimertherapie lohnt sich

25.04.2024 AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 Nachrichten

Ist die Tau-Last noch gering, scheint der Vorteil von Lecanemab besonders groß zu sein. Und beginnen Erkrankte verzögert mit der Behandlung, erreichen sie nicht mehr die kognitive Leistung wie bei einem früheren Start. Darauf deuten neue Analysen der Phase-3-Studie Clarity AD.

Viel Bewegung in der Parkinsonforschung

25.04.2024 Parkinson-Krankheit Nachrichten

Neue arznei- und zellbasierte Ansätze, Frühdiagnose mit Bewegungssensoren, Rückenmarkstimulation gegen Gehblockaden – in der Parkinsonforschung tut sich einiges. Auf dem Deutschen Parkinsonkongress ging es auch viel um technische Innovationen.

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2014

The Implications of Brain Connectivity in the Neuropsychology of Autism

Brain Connectivity and Applications to Neuropsychology: Introduction to the Special Issue of Neuropsychology Review

Connecting the Dots: A Review of Resting Connectivity MRI Studies in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Strengthening Connections: Functional Connectivity and Brain Plasticity