Background
Methods
Study area
Sampling
Ethics
Anthropometric measurement
Blood pressure measurements
Blood sample analysis
Data analysis
Results
Total | Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
| % | |
Total sample | 433 | 138 | 31.9 | 295 | 68.1 | |
Location | ||||||
Cariamanga | 214 | 49.4 | 67 | 31.3 | 147 | 68.7 |
Pomasqui | 219 | 50.6 | 71 | 32.4 | 148 | 67.6 |
Overall | Cariamanga sample | Pomasqui sample | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Female | Male | All | Female | Male | ||||||||||||||||
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | |
Age (years) | 433 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 214 | 14.8 | 1.5 | 147 | 14.8 | 1.5 | 67 | 14.8 | 1.5 | 219 | 15.4 | 1.6 | 148 | 15.4 | 1.7 | 71 | 15.4 | 1.7 |
Height (cm) | 428 | 155.7 | 7.9 | 214 | 154.1 | 7.5 | 147 | 152.4 | 5.3 | 67 | 157.8 | 10.0 | 214 | 157.3 | 7.9 | 14 | 154.6 | 5.7 | 69 | 163.2 | 8.7 |
Weight (kg) | 433 | 50.4 | 9.9 | 214 | 49.2 | 9.5 | 147 | 49.2 | 8.5 | 67 | 49.1 | 11.5 | 219 | 51.5 | 10.2 | 148 | 50.5 | 9.4 | 71 | 53.5 | 11.6 |
Waist (cm) | 428 | 73.8 | 8.9 | 214 | 73.1 | 8.3 | 147 | 74.2 | 7.5 | 67 | 70.7 | 9.5 | 214 | 74.6 | 9.3 | 145 | 74.9 | 9.5 | 69 | 73.9 | 8.9 |
Hip (cm) | 428 | 88.8 | 8.3 | 214 | 86.4 | 7.9 | 147 | 87.3 | 6.8 | 67 | 84.2 | 9.6 | 214 | 91.2 | 7.9 | 145 | 92.5 | 7.5 | 69 | 88.6 | 8.3 |
WHR | 428 | 0.83 | 0.05 | 214 | 0.85 | 0.04 | 147 | 0.85 | 0.04 | 67 | 0.84 | 0.05 | 214 | 0.82 | 0.06 | 145 | 0.81 | 0.06 | 69 | 0.83 | 0.05 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 428 | 20.7 | 3.4 | 214 | 20.6 | 3.2 | 147 | 21.2 | 3.2 | 67 | 19.5 | 3.0 | 214 | 20.7 | 3.6 | 145 | 21.1 | 3.7 | 69 | 19.9 | 3.3 |
SBP (mmHg) | 428 | 103.3 | 10.8 | 214 | 104.4 | 10.6 | 147 | 103.4 | 10.4 | 67 | 106.6 | 10.6 | 214 | 102.1 | 10.9 | 145 | 100.9 | 9.7 | 69 | 104.7 | 12.7 |
DBP (mmHg) | 428 | 69.0 | 8.5 | 214 | 71.0 | 8.1 | 147 | 70.3 | 7.7 | 67 | 72.7 | 8.8 | 218 | 67.2 | 8.5 | 147 | 66.8 | 8.2 | 71 | 68.1 | 9.2 |
HR (bpm) | 428 | 76.3 | 14.4 | 214 | 77.8 | 17.6 | 147 | 77.8 | 17.4 | 67 | 77.8 | 18.1 | 214 | 74.8 | 10.0 | 145 | 77.0 | 9.8 | 69 | 70.2 | 9.0 |
HbA1c (mg/dL) | 427 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 212 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 145 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 67 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 215 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 147 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 68 | 5.5 | 0.3 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 375 | 81.9 | 9.5 | 161 | 79.4 | 10.4 | 114 | 79.2 | 9.1 | 67 | 80.1 | 13.2 | 214 | 83.8 | 8.4 | 145 | 83.0 | 8.5 | 69 | 85.4 | 7.7 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 428 | 50.6 | 14.7 | 212 | 46.3 | 15.7 | 145 | 47.9 | 14.8 | 67 | 42.7 | 16.9 | 216 | 54.8 | 12.3 | 147 | 55.8 | 12.3 | 69 | 52.8 | 12.3 |
TC (mg/dL) | 428 | 149.6 | 36.1 | 212 | 137.8 | 39.8 | 145 | 145.8 | 38.1 | 67 | 120.4 | 38.0 | 216 | 161.3 | 27.5 | 147 | 165.5 | 27.8 | 69 | 152.2 | 24.9 |
n | Median [interquartile range](range)a
| n | Median [interquartile range](range) | n | Median [interquartile range](range) | n | Median [interquartile range](range) | n | Median [interquartile range](range) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TG (mg/dL) | 428 | 76 [59–98] (25–367) | 145 | 75 [54–95] (25–367) | 67 | 65 [47–83] (25–202) | 147 | 85 [69–103] (41–285) | 69 | 76 [61–93] (41–302) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 428 | 81 [64–98] (17–183) | 145 | 79 [62–99] (24–183) | 67 | 62 [47.5–80] (25–137) | 147 | 89 [76–105.5] (44–161) | 69 | 81 [71–95] (17–142) |
VLDL (mg/dL) | 428 | 15 [12–20] (5–73) | 145 | 15 [11–19] (5–7) | 67 | 13 [9.5–17] (5–40) | 147 | 17 [14–21] (8–57) | 69 | 15 [12–19] (8–60) |
Overall | Cariamangaa
| Pomasquia
| Maleb
| Femalea
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
WHO weight classificationc
| ||||||||||
Underweight | 31 | 7.3 | 14 | 6.5 | 17 | 8.0 | 17 | 12.5 | 14 | 4.8 |
Healthy weight | 328 | 76.8 | 162 | 75.7 | 166 | 77.9 | 105 | 77.2 | 223 | 76.6 |
Overweight | 41 | 9.6 | 22 | 10.3 | 19 | 8.9 | 9 | 6.6 | 32 | 11.0 |
Obese | 27 | 6.3 | 16 | 7.5 | 11 | 5.2 | 5 | 3.7 | 22 | 7.6 |
IOTF weight classification | ||||||||||
Thinness grade 3 | 15 | 3.5 | 8 | 3.7 | 7 | 3.3 | 8 | 5.9 | 7 | 2.4 |
Thinness grade 2 | 37 | 8.7 | 17 | 7.9 | 20 | 9.4 | 19 | 14.0 | 18 | 6.2 |
Thinness grade 1 | 69 | 16.2 | 33 | 15.4 | 36 | 16.9 | 27 | 19.9 | 42 | 14.4 |
Healthy weight | 256 | 60.0 | 125 | 58.4 | 131 | 61.5 | 73 | 53.7 | 183 | 62.9 |
Overweight | 42 | 9.8 | 29 | 13.6 | 13 | 6.1 | 6 | 4.4 | 36 | 12.4 |
Obese | 8 | 1.9 | 2 | 0.9 | 6 | 2.8 | 3 | 2.2 | 5 | 1.7 |
HbA1c status | ||||||||||
HbA1c <5.7 | 374 | 87.6 | 200 | 174 | 115 | 259 | ||||
HbA1c 5.7–6.4 | 53 | 12.4 | 12 | 41 | 20 | 33 | ||||
HbA1c ≥6.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Girls versus boys
Location differences
Sex by location interaction
(Intercept) | Sex (male) | Location (urban) | Sex x location | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c (units) | 5.28 ± 0.02*** | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.03*** | −0.01 ± 0.05 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 79.17 ± 0.87*** | 0.90 ± 1.61 | 3.85 ± 1.16** | 1.49 ± 2.10 |
TG (mg/dL) | 82.17 ± 3.23*** | −13.11 ± 5.74* | 9.5 ± 4.55* | 5.66 ± 8.07 |
TC (mg/dL) | 145.8 ± 2.73*** | −25.4 ± 4.86*** | 19.72 ± 3.85*** | 12.04 ± 6.84 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 47.94 ± 1.16*** | −5.27 ± 2.06* | 7.82 ± 1.63*** | 2.26 ± 2.9 |
VLDL (mg/dL) | 16.46 ± 0.65*** | −2.61 ± 1.15* | 1.85 ± 0.91* | 1.11 ± 1.62 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 81.58 ± 2.09*** | −16.52 ± 3.72*** | 9.86 ± 2.95*** | 7.64 ± 5.23 |
Waist (cm) | 74.22 ± 0.72*** | −3.49 ± 1.29** | 0.68 ± 1.03 | 2.47 ± 1.82 |
Hip (cm) | 0.85 ± 0.0*** | −0.01 ± 0.01 | −0.04 ± 0.01*** | 0.03 ± 0.01*** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.16 ± 0.28*** | −1.68 ± 0.49*** | −0.1 ± 0.39 | 0.51 ± 0.69 |
SBP (mmHg) | 103.44 ± 0.88*** | 3.11 ± 1.57* | −2.59 ± 1.24* | 0.76 ± 2.2 |
DBP (mmHg) | 70.26 ± 0.68*** | 2.42 ± 1.22* | −3.46 ± 0.97*** | −1.15 ± 1.71 |