Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pituitary 2/2008

01.06.2008

Central hypothyroidism

verfasst von: Andrea Lania, Luca Persani, Paolo Beck-Peccoz

Erschienen in: Pituitary | Ausgabe 2/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Central hypothyroidism (CH) is a rare cause of hypothyroidism due to an insufficient stimulation of an otherwise normal thyroid gland and it is caused by either pituitary (secondary hypothyroidism) or hypothalamic (tertiary hypothyroidism) defects. The diagnosis of CH is usually suggested by the finding of lowered thyroid hormone concentrations, associated with inappropriately low/normal TSH levels. Restoration and maintenance of euthyroidism represent the therapeutic goals in all forms of CH. On these basis, the vast majority of patients with CH is treated with standard levo-thyroxine (L-T4) therapy which is tailored according to FT4 circulating levels that should be maintained in the normal range.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Horimoto M, Nishikawa M, Ishihara T, Yoshikawa N, Yoshimura M, Inada M (1995) Bioactivity of thyrotropin (TSH) in patients with central hypothyroidism: comparison between in vivo 3, 5, 3 -triiodothyronine response to TSH and in vitro bioactivity of TSH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1124–1128. doi:10.1210/jc.80.4.1124 PubMedCrossRef Horimoto M, Nishikawa M, Ishihara T, Yoshikawa N, Yoshimura M, Inada M (1995) Bioactivity of thyrotropin (TSH) in patients with central hypothyroidism: comparison between in vivo 3, 5, 3 -triiodothyronine response to TSH and in vitro bioactivity of TSH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1124–1128. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​80.​4.​1124 PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck-Peccoz P, Amr S, Menezes-Ferreira MM, Faglia G, Weintraub BD (1985) Decreased receptor binding of biologically inactive thyrotropin in central hypothyroidism. Effect of treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 312:1085–1090PubMed Beck-Peccoz P, Amr S, Menezes-Ferreira MM, Faglia G, Weintraub BD (1985) Decreased receptor binding of biologically inactive thyrotropin in central hypothyroidism. Effect of treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 312:1085–1090PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (1994) Variable biological activity of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Eur J Endocrinol 131:331–340PubMed Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (1994) Variable biological activity of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Eur J Endocrinol 131:331–340PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Medeiros-Neto G, Herodotou DT, Rajan S et al (1996) A circulating, biologically inactive thyrotropin caused by a mutation in the beta subunit gene. J Clin Invest 97:1250–1256. doi:10.1172/JCI118540 PubMedCrossRef Medeiros-Neto G, Herodotou DT, Rajan S et al (1996) A circulating, biologically inactive thyrotropin caused by a mutation in the beta subunit gene. J Clin Invest 97:1250–1256. doi:10.​1172/​JCI118540 PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonomi M, Proverbio MC, Weber G, Chiumello G, Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (2001) Hyperplastic pituitary gland, high serum glycoprotein hormone α-subunit, and variable circulating thyrotropin (TSH) levels as hallmark of central hypothyroidism due to mutations of the TSHβ gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1600–1604. doi:10.1210/jc.86.4.1600 PubMedCrossRef Bonomi M, Proverbio MC, Weber G, Chiumello G, Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (2001) Hyperplastic pituitary gland, high serum glycoprotein hormone α-subunit, and variable circulating thyrotropin (TSH) levels as hallmark of central hypothyroidism due to mutations of the TSHβ gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1600–1604. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​86.​4.​1600 PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Szkudlinski MW, Fremont V, Ronin C, Weintraub BD (2002) Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor structure-function relationships. Physiol Rev 82:473–502PubMed Szkudlinski MW, Fremont V, Ronin C, Weintraub BD (2002) Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor structure-function relationships. Physiol Rev 82:473–502PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Collu R, Tang J, Castagne J et al (1997) A novel mechanism for isolated central hypothyroidism: inactivating mutations in the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1561–1565. doi:10.1210/jc.82.5.1561 PubMedCrossRef Collu R, Tang J, Castagne J et al (1997) A novel mechanism for isolated central hypothyroidism: inactivating mutations in the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1561–1565. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​82.​5.​1561 PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N et al (1998) A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392:398–401. doi:10.1038/32911 PubMedCrossRef Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N et al (1998) A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392:398–401. doi:10.​1038/​32911 PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Nillni EA, Vaslet C, Harris M, Hollenberg A, Bjorbak C, Flier JS (2000) Leptin regulates prothyrotropin-releasing hormone biosynthesis. Evidence for direct and indirect pathways. J Biol Chem 275:36124–36133. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003549200 PubMedCrossRef Nillni EA, Vaslet C, Harris M, Hollenberg A, Bjorbak C, Flier JS (2000) Leptin regulates prothyrotropin-releasing hormone biosynthesis. Evidence for direct and indirect pathways. J Biol Chem 275:36124–36133. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M003549200 PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B et al (2003) Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Thyroid 13:3–126PubMedCrossRef Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B et al (2003) Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Thyroid 13:3–126PubMedCrossRef
15.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Smallridge RC (1996) Metabolic, physiological, and clinical indexes of thyroid function. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD (eds) The thyroid, 7th edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 397–405 Smallridge RC (1996) Metabolic, physiological, and clinical indexes of thyroid function. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD (eds) The thyroid, 7th edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 397–405
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferretti E, Persani L, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Giambona S, Tamburrano G, Beck-Peccoz P (1999) Evaluation of the adequacy of l-T4 replacement therapy in patients with central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:924–929. doi:10.1210/jc.84.3.924 PubMedCrossRef Ferretti E, Persani L, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Giambona S, Tamburrano G, Beck-Peccoz P (1999) Evaluation of the adequacy of l-T4 replacement therapy in patients with central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:924–929. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​84.​3.​924 PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Jorgensen JO, Moller J, Laursen T, Orskov H, Christiansen JS, Weeke J (1994) Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol 41:609–614. doi:10.1111/j.1365–2265.1994.tb01826.x CrossRef Jorgensen JO, Moller J, Laursen T, Orskov H, Christiansen JS, Weeke J (1994) Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol 41:609–614. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365–2265.​1994.​tb01826.​x CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Jorgensen JO, Pedersen SA, Laurberg P, Weeke J, Skakkebaek NE, Christiansen JS (1989) Effects of growth hormone therapy on thyroid function of growth hormone-deficient adults with and without concomitant thyroxine-substituted central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:1127–1132PubMed Jorgensen JO, Pedersen SA, Laurberg P, Weeke J, Skakkebaek NE, Christiansen JS (1989) Effects of growth hormone therapy on thyroid function of growth hormone-deficient adults with and without concomitant thyroxine-substituted central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:1127–1132PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexopoulou O, Beguin C, De Nayer P, Maiter D (2004) Clinical and hormonal characteristics of central hypothyroidism at diagnosis and during follow-up in adult patients. Eur J Endocrinol 150:1–8. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1500001 PubMedCrossRef Alexopoulou O, Beguin C, De Nayer P, Maiter D (2004) Clinical and hormonal characteristics of central hypothyroidism at diagnosis and during follow-up in adult patients. Eur J Endocrinol 150:1–8. doi:10.​1530/​eje.​0.​1500001 PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersen S, Pedersen KM, Bruun NH, Laurberg P (2002) Narrow individual variations in serum T4 and T3 in normal subjects: a clue to understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1068–1072. doi:10.1210/jc.87.3.1068 PubMedCrossRef Andersen S, Pedersen KM, Bruun NH, Laurberg P (2002) Narrow individual variations in serum T4 and T3 in normal subjects: a clue to understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1068–1072. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​87.​3.​1068 PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamakita N, Komaki T, Takao T, Murai T, Hashimoto K, Yasuda K (2001) Usefulness of thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone test and nocturnal surge of TSH for diagnosis of isolated deficit of TSH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1054–1060. doi:10.1210/jc.86.3.1054 PubMedCrossRef Yamakita N, Komaki T, Takao T, Murai T, Hashimoto K, Yasuda K (2001) Usefulness of thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone test and nocturnal surge of TSH for diagnosis of isolated deficit of TSH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1054–1060. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​86.​3.​1054 PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Costom BH, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL (1971) Effect of thyrotropin-releasing factor on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. An approach to distinguishing hypothalamic from pituitary forms of idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfism. J Clin Invest 50:2219–2225. doi:10.1172/JCI106717 PubMedCrossRef Costom BH, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL (1971) Effect of thyrotropin-releasing factor on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. An approach to distinguishing hypothalamic from pituitary forms of idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfism. J Clin Invest 50:2219–2225. doi:10.​1172/​JCI106717 PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Faglia G, Beck-Peccoz P, Ferrari C et al (1973) Plasma thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with pituitary and hypothalamic disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:595–601PubMed Faglia G, Beck-Peccoz P, Ferrari C et al (1973) Plasma thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with pituitary and hypothalamic disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:595–601PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta A, Hindmarsh PC, Stanhope RG, Brain CE, Preece MA, Dattani MT (2003) Is the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test necessary in the diagnosis of central hypothyroidism in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5696–5703. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030943 PubMedCrossRef Mehta A, Hindmarsh PC, Stanhope RG, Brain CE, Preece MA, Dattani MT (2003) Is the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test necessary in the diagnosis of central hypothyroidism in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5696–5703. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2003-030943 PubMedCrossRef
28.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Helfand M, Crapo LM (1990) Monitoring therapy in patients taking levothyroxine. Ann Intern Med 113:450–454PubMed Helfand M, Crapo LM (1990) Monitoring therapy in patients taking levothyroxine. Ann Intern Med 113:450–454PubMed
32.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (2001) TSH-producing adenomas. In: DeGroot LJ, Jameson JL (eds) Endocrinology, 4th edn, Chapter 24. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 321–328 Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (2001) TSH-producing adenomas. In: DeGroot LJ, Jameson JL (eds) Endocrinology, 4th edn, Chapter 24. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 321–328
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Porretti S, Giavoli C, Ronchi C et al (2002) Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T4 therapy become mandatory? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2042–2045. doi:10.1210/jc.87.5.2042 PubMedCrossRef Porretti S, Giavoli C, Ronchi C et al (2002) Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T4 therapy become mandatory? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2042–2045. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​87.​5.​2042 PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ain KB, Mori Y, Refetoff S (1987) Reduced clearance rate of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with increased sialylation: a mechanism for estrogen-induced elevation of serum TBG concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:689–696PubMed Ain KB, Mori Y, Refetoff S (1987) Reduced clearance rate of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with increased sialylation: a mechanism for estrogen-induced elevation of serum TBG concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:689–696PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Grunfeld C, Sherman BM, Cavalieri RR (1988) The acute effects of human growth hormone administration on thyroid function in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:1111–1114PubMedCrossRef Grunfeld C, Sherman BM, Cavalieri RR (1988) The acute effects of human growth hormone administration on thyroid function in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:1111–1114PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Portes ES, Oliveira JH, Maccagnan P, Abucham J (2000) Changes in serum thyroid hormones levels and their mechanisms during long-term growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH deficient children. Clin Endocrinol 53:183–189. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01071.x CrossRef Portes ES, Oliveira JH, Maccagnan P, Abucham J (2000) Changes in serum thyroid hormones levels and their mechanisms during long-term growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH deficient children. Clin Endocrinol 53:183–189. doi:10.​1046/​j.​1365-2265.​2000.​01071.​x CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Giavoli C, Porretti S, Ferrante E et al (2003) Recombinant hGH replacement therapy and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in children with GH deficiency: when should we be concerned about the occurrence of central hypothyroidism? Clin Endocrinol 59(806):810. doi:10.1046/j.1365–2265.2003.01892.x Giavoli C, Porretti S, Ferrante E et al (2003) Recombinant hGH replacement therapy and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in children with GH deficiency: when should we be concerned about the occurrence of central hypothyroidism? Clin Endocrinol 59(806):810. doi:10.​1046/​j.​1365–2265.​2003.​01892.​x
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch CA, Sarlis NJ (2001) The spectrum of thyroid diseases in childhood and its evolution during transition to adulthood: natural history, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management. J Endocrinol Invest 24:659–675PubMed Koch CA, Sarlis NJ (2001) The spectrum of thyroid diseases in childhood and its evolution during transition to adulthood: natural history, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management. J Endocrinol Invest 24:659–675PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Central hypothyroidism
verfasst von
Andrea Lania
Luca Persani
Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2008
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Pituitary / Ausgabe 2/2008
Print ISSN: 1386-341X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7403
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2008

Pituitary 2/2008 Zur Ausgabe

OriginalPaper

Systemic illness

OriginalPaper

Drugs and prolactin

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Alphablocker schützt vor Miktionsproblemen nach der Biopsie

16.05.2024 alpha-1-Rezeptorantagonisten Nachrichten

Nach einer Prostatabiopsie treten häufig Probleme beim Wasserlassen auf. Ob sich das durch den periinterventionellen Einsatz von Alphablockern verhindern lässt, haben australische Mediziner im Zuge einer Metaanalyse untersucht.

Eingreifen von Umstehenden rettet vor Erstickungstod!

15.05.2024 Fremdkörperaspiration Nachrichten

Wer sich an einem Essensrest verschluckt und um Luft ringt, benötigt vor allem rasche Hilfe. Dass Umstehende nur in jedem zweiten Erstickungsnotfall bereit waren, diese zu leisten, ist das ernüchternde Ergebnis einer Beobachtungsstudie aus Japan. Doch es gibt auch eine gute Nachricht.

Neue S3-Leitlinie zur unkomplizierten Zystitis: Auf Antibiotika verzichten?

15.05.2024 Harnwegsinfektionen Nachrichten

Welche Antibiotika darf man bei unkomplizierter Zystitis verwenden und wovon sollte man die Finger lassen? Welche pflanzlichen Präparate können helfen? Was taugt der zugelassene Impfstoff? Antworten vom Koordinator der frisch überarbeiteten S3-Leitlinie, Prof. Florian Wagenlehner.

Schadet Ärger den Gefäßen?

14.05.2024 Arteriosklerose Nachrichten

In einer Studie aus New York wirkte sich Ärger kurzfristig deutlich negativ auf die Endothelfunktion gesunder Probanden aus. Möglicherweise hat dies Einfluss auf die kardiovaskuläre Gesundheit.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.