M1 gastric cancer has a poor oncologic outcome with a median survival of less than 1 year despite aggressive chemotherapy. Recent trials include chemotherapy combined non-curative gastrectomy. This study evaluated the chemoresponse after non-curative gastrectomy in M1 gastric cancer and the survival benefit.
Methods
Between January 2000 and December 2010, 660 patients received chemotherapy for gastric cancer at the Department of Hemato-Oncology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea. Data was collected retrospectively from the medical records. Patients who received preoperative or adjuvant chemotherapy, who underwent other surgeries like gastrojejunal bypass or exploratory laparotomy, who died within 3 months due to seriously advanced gastric cancer, who were lost to follow-up, or whose medical records were unsuitable for data collection were excluded. The remaining 101 patients had received chemotherapy only (CTx group, n = 76) or chemotherapy after non-curative gastrectomy (NCG + CTx group, n = 25). Clinicopathologic characteristics, chemoresponse, and overall survival were compared between the two groups.
Results
There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinicopathologic characteristics including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity, histologic differentiation, tumor location, clinical T stage, and initial site of distant metastasis. Chemoresponse was checked on two separate occasions from the initiation of chemotherapy: first chemotherapy regimen and until the third regimen change. The NCG + CTx group showed more favorable chemoresponse than the CTx group in both checks (60% and 72% vs. 18.4% and 23.7%). The NCG + CTx group showed longer overall survival than the CTx group (26 vs. 11 months).
Conclusions
Non-curative gastrectomy in M1 gastric cancer could improve chemoresponse and extend overall survival.
Hinweise
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HBS helped in the design, analysis, interpretation of data, and drafting of the manuscript. YGS helped in the design, acquisition of data, and critical revision. SHL helped in the design and acquisition of data. SWR and SSS provided critical revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
BMI
Body mass index
CR
Complete response
CT
Computed tomography
CTx
Chemotherapy
cT stage
Clinical T stage
5-FU
5-Fluorouracil
LN
Lymph node
MMC
Mitomycin-C
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
NCG + CTx
Chemotherapy after non-curative gastrectomy
NCCN
National comprehensive cancer network
PD
Progressive disease
PET
Positron emission tomography
PR
Partial response
RECIST
Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors
SD
Stable disease
SD
Standard deviation
TS-1
Tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium
YSR
Year survival rate
Background
M1 gastric cancer is characterized by distant metastasis at sites other than regional lymph node (LN) [1]. Distant metastasis comprises peritoneal metastasis including ovarian metastasis; hematogenous metastasis that spreads to the liver, lung, and bone; and metastasis to distant LNs including paraaortic, neck, and mediastinal LNs.
Chemotherapy has been recommended as a main treatment modality for M1 gastric cancer in the third Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines as well as in the 2013 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) gastric cancer guidelines [2,3]. However, the median survival of M1 gastric cancer is under 1 year despite aggressive chemotherapy. Although a few clinical trials showed the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection in advanced gastric cancer [4-7], the generally poor oncologic outcomes in M1 gastric cancer might be caused by the lack of an outstanding chemotherapeutic agent and definite treatment guidelines specifying surgery [8].
Anzeige
Several study groups have tried to improve the oncologic outcomes with the various new concepts including liver resection for hepatic metastasis from gastric cancer, aggressive surgery with peritonectomy for localized peritoneal metastasis, intraperitoneal chemotherapy, surgery with curative intent in patients who have presented favorable response after chemotherapy, and chemotherapy after non-curative gastrectomy. Some survival benefits were reported [9-24]. But these studies focused on patient survival, although chemoresponse could be the most important mechanism to prolong the survival time after chemotherapy.
With this in mind, we concentrated our attention on the chemoresponse after non-curative gastrectomy in M1 gastric cancer. We hypothesized that non-curative gastrectomy will improve the chemoresponse by reducing tumor burden, similar to other cancers, with non-curative gastrectomy inhibiting the chemoresponse by destroying the lymphatic channels or blood vessels that are the anatomic routes to tumor. Accordingly, the goal was to identify if non-curative gastrectomy could improve the chemoresponse. The influence of chemoresponse on patient survival was assessed.
Methods
Between January 2000 and December 2010, 660 patients received chemotherapy for gastric cancer at the Department of Hemato-Oncology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea. We collected the data from this group through a retrospective review of medical records. Patients who received preoperative or adjuvant chemotherapy, who underwent other surgeries like gastrojejunal bypass or exploratory laparotomy, who died within 3 months due to seriously advanced gastric cancer, and who were lost to follow-up, whose medical records were unsuitable for data collection were excluded (Figure 1). The remaining 101 patients had received chemotherapy only (CTx group, n = 76) or chemotherapy after non-curative gastrectomy (NCG + CTx group, n = 25). Non-curative gastrectomies were comprised of total gastrectomy (n = 15) and subtotal gastrectomy (n = 10).
Figure 1
Study design.
×
There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinicopathologic characteristics including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity, histologic differentiation, tumor location, clinical T stage, and initial site of distant metastasis (Table 1). Chemoresponse and overall survival were compared. In the absence of previously defined criteria for chemoresponse, new criteria were assigned (Figure 2). Patients presenting once with complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) according to clinical progress and follow-up computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), bone scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from initiation of chemotherapy to the time of evaluation were reclassified as ‘favorable chemoresponse.’ Otherwise, patients who continued to present progressive disease (PD) until evaluation were reclassified as ‘unfavorable chemoresponse’. The clinical course of patients who received palliative chemotherapy for M1 gastric cancer is typically determined following the third change of regimen. Thus, chemoresponse was checked on two separate occasions from the initiation of chemotherapy. One was chemoresponse for the first chemotherapy regimen. The other was chemoresponse until the third regimen change. Overall survival between the two groups was compared. Various regimens were applied for the first chemotherapy as shown in Table 2.
Table 1
Clinicopathologic characteristics
CTx (n= 76)
NCG + CTx (n= 25)
Pvalue
Age, years
Mean (SD)
53.7 (±10.9)
54.3 (±11.0)
>0.05
Sex
Male
54 (71.1%)
18 (72.0%)
>0.05
Female
22 (28.9%)
7 (28.0%)
BMI, kg/m2
Mean (SD)
22.0 (±3.2)
21.8 (±2.2)
>0.05
Comorbidity
Yes
14 (18.4%)
6 (24.0%)
>0.05
Histology
Differentiated
17 (22.4%)
7 (28.0%)
>0.05
Undifferentiated
59 (77.6%)
18 (72.0%)
Tumor location
Upper
11 (14.5%)
7 (28.0%)
>0.05
Middle
13 (17.1%)
1 (4.0%)
Lower
39 (51.3%)
13 (52.0%)
Entire
13 (17.1%)
4 (16.0%)
cT stage
T1 ~ 3
7 (9.2%)
7 (28.0%)
<0.05
T4
69 (90.8%)
18 (72.0%)
Initial M1 site
Peritoneal
19 (25.0%)
15 (60.0%)
<0.01
Hematogenous
15 (19.7%)
5 (20.0%)
Distant LN
24 (31.6%)
2 (8.0%)
Mixed
18 (23.7%)
3 (12.0%)
Abbreviation: cT stage clinical T stage, SD standard deviation.
Figure 2
Reclassification of chemoresponse according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST).
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Keimyung University School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea (IRB file no. 2014-01-018).
Statistical analyses
SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analyses. To compare the clinicopathologic characteristics and the chemoresponse between the two groups, chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and Student’s t-test and Fisher’s exact test were used for continuous variables. Overall survival was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier curve analysis, and statistical significance was evaluated with log-rank test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
There were no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, comorbidity, histologic differentiation, and tumor location between the two groups (Table 1). Despite efforts to make the two groups homogenous, clinical T4 gastric cancer was somewhat more prevalent in the CTx group. However, considering that serosal exposure of gastric cancer could not be identified directly in this group because there was no operative view and it was difficult to distinguish T4 from T3 in gastric cancer by CT and PET, this slight difference was disregarded.
The NCG + CTx group displayed a higher proportion of peritoneal metastasis than the CTx group (60.0% vs. 25.0%). Distant LN metastasis was more common in the CTx group (31.6% vs. 8.0%). If we regarded the existence of mixed-type metastasis as being indicative of the aggressiveness of M1 gastric cancer, there was no significant difference in the aggressiveness of cancer between the two groups, because the mixed type metastasis between the two groups displayed no significant difference (23.7% vs. 12%, P = 0.266).
Based on this result, we compared the chemoresponse and overall survival. The NCG + CTx group showed more favorable chemoresponse than the CTx group at both checks (60% and 72% vs. 18.4% and 23.7%; Table 3). The NCG + CTx group had a longer overall survival than the CTx group (26 vs. 11 months; Table 4, Figure 3).
Table 3
Chemoresponse according to the change of regimens for chemotherapy
Change
Response
CTx (n= 76)
NCG + CTx (n= 25)
Pvalue
For the first regimen
Favorable
14 (18.4%)
15 (60.0%)
<0.01
Unfavorable
62 (81.6%)
10 (40.0%)
Until the third regimen
Favorable
18 (23.7%)
18 (72.0%)
<0.01
Unfavorable
58 (76.3%)
7 (28.0%)
Table 4
Overall survival
Group
Median (months)
1-YSR (%)
2-YSR (%)
3-YSR (%)
Pvalue
CTx
11
40.6
16.1
4.8
<0.01
NCG + CTx
26
83.4
57.1
35.6
Abbreviation: YSR year survival rate.
Figure 3
Comparison of overall survival between the NCG + CTx group and the CTx group.
×
Discussion
Presently, patients who received chemotherapy after non-curative gastrectomy for M1 gastric cancer displayed a more favorable chemoresponse and longer overall survival. This result is consistent with the view that non-curative gastrectomy in M1 gastric cancer improves the chemoresponse by reducing the tumor burden [25,26], with minimal inhibited chemoresponse due to destruction of the anatomic route to the tumor during surgery, which lead to prolonged overall survival.
Several previous studies reported that various non-curative surgeries that reduce the tumor burden could produce a survival benefit in M1 gastric cancer [24,27-29]. However, the studies addressed survival after non-curative surgery and not chemoresponse. The significance of the present study was the focus on the relationship between non-curative gastrectomy and chemoresponse.
Generally, it is anticipated that a more favorable chemoresponse after chemotherapy could lead to longer survival. However, how the chemoresponse could influence patient survival in M1 gastric cancer is unclear [30]. This unreliable probability between chemoresponse and survival in M1 gastric cancer might be caused by the lack of an outstanding chemotherapeutic agent. With the development of such an agent, studies demonstrating the oncologic benefit of non-curative gastrectomy would be an important cornerstone for the treatment guideline for M1 gastric cancer.
Anzeige
This study has some limitations. The study was retrospective and the CTx group had no operative view, which could create selection bias and heterogeneity between the two groups. Second, non-curative gastrectomy in itself reduces the tumor burden, which could have overestimated a favorable response. Third, the CTx group displayed marginally more prevalent clinical T4 gastric cancer, which could be connected to poorer survival. This lack of homogeneity should be considered in overall survival comparative analysis between the two groups. Finally, a quality-of-life evaluation was not performed. Thus, it is impossible to definitely recommend non-curative gastrectomy, although it is feasible technically.
Conclusions
Despite the aforementioned limitations due to the heterogeneity between the two groups, non-curative gastrectomy in M1 gastric cancer could improve chemoresponse and extend survival.
Acknowledgements
This article was supported by scholarships from Keimyung University.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HBS helped in the design, analysis, interpretation of data, and drafting of the manuscript. YGS helped in the design, acquisition of data, and critical revision. SHL helped in the design and acquisition of data. SWR and SSS provided critical revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Nach PCI besteht ein erhöhtes Blutungsrisiko, wenn die Behandelten eine verminderte linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion aufweisen. Das Risiko ist umso höher, je stärker die Pumpfunktion eingeschränkt ist.
In einer Leseranfrage in der Zeitschrift Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology möchte ein anonymer Dermatologe bzw. eine anonyme Dermatologin wissen, ob er oder sie einen Patienten behandeln muss, der eine rassistische Tätowierung trägt.
Der Einsatz von Wundprotektoren bei offenen Eingriffen am unteren Gastrointestinaltrakt schützt vor Infektionen im Op.-Gebiet – und dient darüber hinaus der besseren Sicht. Das bestätigt mit großer Robustheit eine randomisierte Studie im Fachblatt JAMA Surgery.
Der belastende Arbeitsalltag wirkt sich negativ auf die psychische Gesundheit der Angehörigen ärztlicher Berufsgruppen aus. Chirurginnen und Chirurgen bilden da keine Ausnahme, im Gegenteil.
Update Chirurgie
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletterund bleiben Sie gut informiert.
Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.
Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?
Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.
