Background
Methods
Design
Population studied
-
Be a child under 15 years of age;
-
Reside in Mexico City;
-
Be newly diagnosed with leukemia during the years 2006-2007, with the diagnosis confirmed by histopathology;
-
Be diagnosed and treated in a public hospital in the Distrito Federal. (See next section, Hospitals).
Hospitals
Sources of patient data
Diagnosis
Risk Criteria
Populations
Analysis
-
Long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy at birth);
-
Educational level (measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined raw rates of matriculation in primary, secondary, and higher education, as well as the length of compulsory education); and
-
Standard of living (measured by the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita purchasing power parity (PPP) in dollars).
Results
Age | Group | (Years) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Childhood | Sex | < 1 y | 1-4 y | 5-9 y | 10-14y | Total | SAAIR* | |||||
Leukemia | n | AAIR | n | AAIR | n | AAIR | n | AAIR | n | AAIR | ||
ALL | M | 4 | 31.9 | 48 | 87.1 | 26 | 38.1 | 22 | 30.8 | 100 | 48.2 | |
F | 2 | 16.5 | 36 | 67.8 | 36 | 54.6 | 20 | 28.7 | 94 | 46.8 | ||
Total | 6 | 24.3 | 84 | 77.7 | 62 | 46.2 | 42 | 29.8 | 194 | 47.5 | 49.5 | |
AML | M | 1 | 8.0 | 3 | 5.4 | 3 | 4.4 | 6 | 8.4 | 13 | 6.3 | |
F | 0 | 0 | 5 | 9.4 | 4 | 6.1 | 6 | 8.6 | 15 | 7.5 | ||
Total | 1 | 4.1 | 8 | 7.4 | 7 | 5.2 | 12 | 8.5 | 28 | 6.9 | 6.8 | |
CML | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.0 | |
F | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.9 | 2 | 1.0 | ||
Total | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2.1 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | |
UL | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.4 | 1 | 0.5 | |
F | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | ||
Total | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
General incidence of leukemias in children in the Distrito Federal
Incidence of leukemia by age group
Incidence of leukemia by immunophenotype
Age | Group | (years) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immuno-phenotype | < 1 y | 1-4 y | 5-9 y | 10-14 y | Total | ||||||
in ALL | n | AAIR* | n | AAIR* | n | AAIR* | n | AAIR* | n | AAIR* | SAAIR* |
T-Cell | 0 | 0 | 13 | 12.0 | 8 | 6.0 | 3 | 2.1 | 24 | 5.9 | 6.3 |
Pre B | 3 | 12.2 | 58 | 53.6 | 46 | 34.2 | 35 | 24.8 | 142 | 34.8 | 35.8 |
Ratio of high risk to standard risk for ALL
Morphological subtypes of AML
Age peak for leukemias
Incidence of leukemias by borough and correlation with MDHI, number of cultivated hectares, and average number of persons per household
Boroughs of Mexico City | Leukemia | type | Immunophenotype | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | AML | T-Cell | Pre-B Cell | ||||||
MHDI† | (n) | SAAIR* | (n) | SAAIR* | (n) | SAAIR* | (n) | SAAIR* | |
Alvaro Obregón | 0.8719 | 8 | 23.0 | 2 | 5.0 | 1 | 2.5 | 6 | 17.1 |
Azcapotzalco | 0.8915 | 5 | 29.4 | 3 | 16.5 | 3 | 17.4 | 2 | 12.0 |
Benito Juarez | 0.9509 | 5 | 48.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 38.9 |
Coyoacan | 0.9169 | 14 | 59.6 | 2 | 8.7 | 1 | 4.8 | 12 | 50.0 |
Cuajimalpa de Morelos | 0.8994 | 3 | 30.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 30.1 |
Cuauhtémoc | 0.8921 | 16 | 87.7 | 1 | 5.0 | 2 | 11.6 | 8 | 44.0 |
Gustavo A. Madero | 0.8700 | 34 | 62.7 | 2 | 3.0 | 6 | 11.0 | 24 | 43.8 |
Iztacalco | 0.8765 | 8 | 48.6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 5 | 28.4 |
Iztapalapa | 0.8463 | 45 | 47.0 | 10 | 10.9 | 4 | 4.6 | 33 | 33.7 |
La Magdalena Contreras | 0.8558 | 6 | 54.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 54.3 |
Miguel Hidalgo | 0.9188 | 6 | 43.7 | 2 | 14.1 | 1 | 6.6 | 5 | 37.1 |
Milpa Alta | 0.7983 | 4 | 61.5 | 1 | 16.5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 61.5 |
Tláhuac | 0.8473 | 10 | 54.8 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11.8 | 6 | 31.8 |
Tlalpan | 0.8791 | 9 | 31.2 | 2 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 31.2 |
Venustiano Carranza | 0.8740 | 12 | 63.7 | 3 | 14.7 | 1 | 6.2 | 8 | 41.4 |
Xochimilco | 0.8481 | 9 | 48.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9.4 | 7 | 39.1 |
194
|
49.47
|
28
|
6.76
|
24
|
6.26
|
142
|
35.80
|
Discussion
General incidence of leukemias
Study | Parameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Source of data | Population | Age range years ye | Period | SAAIRa
|
Mexico City | Present Study |
Mexicans
|
0-14
|
2006-2007
|
49.5
|
USA | SEERb [25] | All races | 0-14 | 2007 | 35.0 |
CDCc (NPCR) [26] | All races | 0-14 | 2003-2007 | 37.0 | |
Hispanics
|
0-19
|
2003-2007
|
46.0
| ||
ACSSRd [2] |
Hispanics
|
0-14
|
2002-2006
|
46.7
| |
Texas | TCRe [24] | All races | 0-14 | 1999-2008 | 41.4 |
California | Wilkinson et al. [1] |
Hispanic
|
0-14
|
1988-1998
|
51.1
|
non-Hispanic White | 0-14 | 1988-1998 | 40.8 | ||
Florida | Wilkinson et al. [1] |
Hispanic
|
0-14
|
1988-1998
|
49.2
|
non-Hispanic White | 0-14 | 1988-1998 | 37.1 | ||
Costa Rica | Monge et al. [5] |
Costa Rican
|
0-14
|
1981-1996
|
43.1
|
El Salvador | Mejía-Aranguré et al. [6] |
Salvadoran
|
0-11
|
1996-2000
|
34.2
|
Brazil (Sao Paulo) | de Camargo B et al. [28] |
Brazilian
| 0-19 |
1998-2002
|
47.5
|