CD is a lesion that may jeopardize the future of the joint if misdiagnosed. Cartilage lesions were classified by many authors and societies. The most used classification is (Outbridge 1961) [
1]. Many other classifications were proposed such as the ones proposed by F.R. Noyes et al [
2] and ICRS [
3] but chondral delamination was clearly included in Konan et al.’s classification (where grade 0 represented normal articular cartilage lesions, grade 1 represents softening or a wave sign, grade 2 cleavage lesion, grade 3 delamination and grade 4 bone exposure) [
4]. The cause of cartilage delamination is believed to occur through different mechanisms: large shear force concentrated at the junction of the cartilage and the calcified layer disrupting the deep cartilage ultrastructure. This force can produce damage to the cartilage above the tidemark and to the subchondral bone [
3,
10,
11]. Less frequently, the direct blow can be presented as a possible cause [
10]. Additionally, abrasive wear or friction may result in fibrillation and subsequently delamination [
11]. Although mechanical trauma is associated with some types of chondral injury. Many patients with CD are unable to relate any history of trauma, attributing all such injuries to acute causes is an oversimplification. Yet unknown structural and biomechanical changes may still significantly contribute to the production of chondral delamination [
10]. One example of these mechanisms is Synovial plicae that may cause injuries to the underlying cartilage through a combination of compression, friction, and shear forces. Furthermore, the increasing young’s modulus of the stiff medial parapatellar plica is associated with greater contact pressures on the underlying cartilage [
6]. Another example is unstable knees (as in ACL deficient knees) that are more prone to initiate the delamination which may progress to cause locking of the chondral flap [
11]. The complaint of patients is usually aching or sharp pain during and after activity. This pain may be diffused or localized. The size and the location of the lesion strongly affect the type of symptoms and may affect surgical treatment options [
2,
10]. For example, patellofemoral flaps cause anterior knee pain without instability, while posterior condylar flaps cause instability, sometimes they may resemble a torn discoid lateral meniscus or even medial meniscus tear [
6]. Swelling and effusion related to the activity are also well mentioned. Joint line tenderness is present, crepitus, thigh atrophy, decreased ROM and Mechanical symptoms such as locking and catching and giving way are also frequent [
6,
11]. Early diagnosis of delamination appears to be challenging and important because cartilage detachment is irreversible and has an important effect on the treatment plan [
1]. Diagnosis depends firstly on clinical suspicions like the presence of discomfort during or after physical activity associated with effusion and swelling. Sometimes, an accurate diagnosis may be challenging, because it may resemble other pathologies such as meniscal lesions [
6]. Plain x-rays are usually normal. The MRI study is fundamental in the evaluation, and mandatory to confirm the diagnosis and to aid preoperative planning [
3]. In general, its sensitivity for the detection of articular cartilage injury is significantly lower than that for meniscal injury [
6]. Articular cartilage has intermediate to high signal intensity on both T1 and T2 weighted images [
4,
10]. Bodelle et al. showed that in the patellofemoral joint, the STIR-sequence is significantly superior to the MEDIC-sequence regarding the depiction of chondral lesions [
13]. Delamination may require fluid beneath the disrupted cartilage to be evident on the MRI scan [
11]. Although MRI helps detect the site and the size of the lesion, it is sometimes difficult to diagnose these lesions because of several factors: lack of awareness of the diagnosis on the part of the radiologists, inappropriate MRI techniques, or inherent limitations of MRI to detect this lesion [
3]. The negative MRI scan does not rule out delamination lesions [
10,
11]. The clinician must rely not only on MRI scan evaluation but also on the complete clinical picture [
10]. Arthroscopy remains the best method to confirm chondral injury diagnosis [
10]. It should be performed to confirm the diagnosis with visualization and application of the probe to the articular surfaces, to exclude confounding pathology, and to perform a chondroplasty if appropriate [
3,
4]. First-line treatment is usually conservative, using analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with low-intensity low impact endurance exercises such as cycling and swimming [
10]. Surgical treatment options vary according to the site, size, and status of the cartilage continuity. The treatment varies widely from simple debridement of the delaminated flaps to stable margins, and\or removal of loose bodies that improves mechanical symptoms and prevents irritation of the synovium due to small fragments of cartilage being released. Combined with debridement of the calcified cartilage to bleeding bone by curettes or rotary shaver [
10]. Another option, if the cartilage surface is intact, is to fix the area of delamination with bioabsorbable pins. This may be done arthroscopically or via a small arthrotomy, depending on the location of the lesion. If lesion size allows, the additional passage of a fine drill through the affected articular surface affected into the related subchondral bone, simulates lesion healing [
4]. Some authors recommend the use of fibrin adhesive as a biological substance that has hemostatic and adhesive properties. This fibrin permits tissue fixation and stimulates the growth of fibroblasts [
14]. Kaya et al. reported excellent early clinical results for arthroscopic repair of carpet delamination using fibrin glue augmented with bridging suture technique to repair acetabular cartilage carpet delamination [
12]. Microfracture is a well-described and extensively studied the technique in which penetration of subchondral bone and subsequent release of the underlying marrow elements lead to the formation of reparative cartilage [
1,
7,
8,
11,
14]. It is a commonly performed procedure for defects smaller than 2 cm [
12] because, in the case of a large defect, the fibrocartilage patch becomes more unstable and more liable to detach because of clot retraction [
8]. Although fibrocartilage tissue is inferior to hyaline cartilage and degenerates with time, it can provide some benefit to the patient. However, it does not retard the progression to OA [
4,
10]. Other options are autologous chondrocytes implantation, debridement and the use of a periosteal flap to cover the defect, and mosaicplasty [
4,
10]. Osteochondral allografts (OCAs) are another reliable technique for the treatment of large chondral or osteochondral defects. The use of matched OCAs eliminates donor site morbidity, provides immediate structural restoration of the articular surface and allows for the treatment of large lesions [
15]. Treatment results and options depend on the location; the size and the age of the patient [
1], (Table
1). In this case, curettage and subchondral bone drilling improved the symptoms to an acceptable level and resulted in a satisfied patient. In conclusion, unrecognized and/or untreated chondral delamination injuries have a poor prognosis. Treatment of these lesions, even if they are large, will help improve symptoms and joint mobility. The simplest and most cost-effective method we used seems to be very effective with satisfactory mid-term outcomes. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the microfracture technique in managing chondral delamination.
Table 1
Chondral delamination characteristics from the literature
| NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Ranging from 16 to 37 | Acute pain in the knee | Surgery | NR |
| Ranging from 16 to 49 | NR | NR | NR |
| Ranging from 16 to 51 | Femoroacetabular impingement of the hips in 60 patients, perthes disease in 2 patients, multiple hereditary exostoses in 1 patient, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 1 patient | Surgery | NR |
| Ranging from 18 to 57 | Persistent hip pain for a mean period of 19 months | Surgery | Improvement in pain and function six months and one year after surgery without any complains |
| Ranging from 14 to 44 | Defects in the MFC lateral extension or central extension on weight-bearing surface and a lesion in the patella | Surgery | |
| NR | NR | Surgery | Full therapy was advanced when the patient was fully weight bearing and achieving a full range of motion |
| 39 | Chronic pain in the knee for 3 years | Arthroscopy | Normal activities were resumed 2 weeks after surgery. The knee pain resolved after 7 months |
| Mean of 44 (± 12) | Acute pain at the anterior aspect of the knee, joint effusion and a suspected chondral lesion defect in the patellofemoral joint | NR | NR |
| Ranging from 18 to 50 | NR | Hip arthroscopic surgery | The mean HOS for daily live activities and the sports subscale improved. All patients had > 90% of the filling of the chondral defect |
| 57 | Pain in the left hip | Surgery | Good alignment of the presence of an uncemented left total hip was found on post-surgical radiographs |
| NR | NR | Defects were made in the trochlea and MFC of 6 cadaver specimens with application of an allograft | Fibrin delamination and/or allograft displacement occurred within the first 15 min of examination in 82% of the specimens |
| Mean of 26.6 (± 12.8) | Chronic pain in the knee | Arthroscopy, surgery and SmartNails were inserted | All patients had full recovery with improvement in symptoms |