Introduction
Materials and methods
Literature search
Search strategy
Study selection and inclusion and exclusion criteria
Qualitative assessment
Data collection
Results
Search results
Authors | n | Operation details (RS, RF, TL-MRGFU)a | Settings (software, ablation equipment)a | Mean age symptoms initial occurrence (mean years, SD)a | Mean symptom/illness duration (mean years, SD)a | Mean age at surgery (mean years, SD)a | Follow-up (m)a | Mean Y-BOCS (Prea) | Mean Y-BOCS (Posta) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capsulotomies | |||||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | 2 | RF | Air Ventriculography | Not reported | 23 | 47 | Before discharge, 1w, 1, 3, 6, 12, ≥ 12 | Not reported | Not reported |
Oliver et al. (2003) | 15 | RF – 75ºC | Brainlab, Radionics RF3 | 16.3 (9.6) | 18.1 (5.6) | 34.2 (8.2) | 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 | 29.67 | 19.12 |
Rück et al. (2008) | 23 | RF – 60º (n = 12) RS – 160 to 200 Gy (n = 9) | Gamma Knife (Elekta Instr.) | Not reported | 21 (8) | 41 (11) | 12, 129 | 34.0 (3.4) | 18.9 (12.0) |
Csigó et al. (2010) | 5 | RF | Brainlab, Radionics | 9 (6.74) | Not reported | 32.2 (6.3) | 1, 6, 12, 24 | 38.2 (1.78) | 26.4 (5.12) |
Jung et al. (2014) | 4 | TL-MRGFU – 51-56º | ExAblate 4000 | Not reported | 16.3 (5.7) | Not reported | 1w, 1, 3, 6, 9 | 35.3 (1.9) | 32 (3.3) |
Zhan et al. (2014) | 53 | RF – 80º | Radionics RF3 | Not reported | 8.09 (2.99) | 28.89 (9.16) | 2w, 12, 36, 60 | 24.7 (4) | 6.1 (4.8) |
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | 17 | RS-GK – 180 Gy (max) | Gamma Knife Model B (Elekta Instr.) | 11.3 (5) | 22.4 (12.8) | 34.4 (10.6) | 12, 24 | 32.9 (2.6) | 21.4 (11.7) |
Gong et al. (2018) | 14 | RF – 75º | SurgiPlan, Elekta neurostimulator | Not reported | 12.6 (10) | 31 (3.1) | 1, 3, 6, 12 | 29.2 (5.37) | 16.5 (4.78) |
Kim et al. (2018) | 11 | TL-MRGFU – 51-56º | ExAblate 4000 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 1w, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 | 34.4 (2.3) | 30.3 (4.3) |
Peker et al. (2020) | 21 | RS-GK – 140–150 Gy | Gamma Knife 4C and Perfexion unit | Not reported | 11.9 (5.23) | 32.8 (7.61) | 6, 12, 24, 36 | 35.7 (3.99) | 29.9 (6.09) |
Krámska et al. (2021) | 12 | RF-78–85° | SurgiPlan, 16-G, Diros Technology | 18.17 (8.58) | 21.42 | 39.7 (8.44) | 6 | 31.67 (6.73) | 16.58 (7.44) |
Kassel et al. (2022) | 9 | RS-GK – 180 Gy (max) | Leksell Gamma Knife model U and C | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 6, 12, 24, 60 | 33.6 (3.93) | 22.68 (7.87) |
Cingulotomies | |||||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | 2 | RF | Air Ventriculography | Not reported | 23 | 47 | Before discharge, 1w, 1, 3, 6, 12, ≥ 12 | Not reported | Not reported |
Jung et al. (2006) | 17 | RF – 85º | Radionics RFG-3, Radionics | 24.6 (9.8) | 10.9 (5.2) | 36.1 (9.4) | 12, 24 | 35 (3.86) | 22.4 (6.49) |
Authors | Assessment times (months) | Cognitive measures (score) | Pre-score | Post-score | Cognitive outcome | Significance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attention | ||||||||||
Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | Digit span test (forward)a | 10.2 (2.3) | 10.1 (2.5)b | Not interpretable | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Visuospatial abilities | ||||||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | FITa Kohs’ block testa BVRT (number correct)a BVRT (number error)a | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 | TMT(A) | 34.33 | 33.5b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 | TMT(A) | 76.4 (45.08) | 70.8 (72.42)e | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | TMT(A) BJLOT ROCFT (Copy) | 54.56 (29.90) 24.08 (3.37) 31.82(3.79) | 42.06 (19) 23.42 (3.12) 33.32 (8.19) | No changes except for TMT(A) – improvement | No sign. (p > 0.05) except TMT(A) | ||||
Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 | TMT(A) | 28.5 (10.1) | 24.4 (8.71) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | ROCFT (copy) TMT(A) WAIS-III (block design subtest) WAIS-III (picture completion subtest) | 32 (2.19) 40.5 (17.57) 32.57 (13.84) 18.09 (3.81) | 32.17 (2.95) 38.25 (13.37) 38.2 (12.66) 19.25 (2.96) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Memory (general) | ||||||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | CMMT (object)a CMMT (word-pair)a CMMT (fig fact)a | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
Rück et al. (2008) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Memory problems | Not applicable | ||||
Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 | RKMT (memory quotient)a | 99.8 (4.9) | 106 (10.9) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Zhan et al. (2014) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Impaired memory and confusion | Not applicable | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Temporal and spatial disorientation | Not applicable | ||||
Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | RKMT (memory quotient)a | 94.1 (13.9) | 103.3 (13.3)b | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
Verbal memory | ||||||||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | HVLT-R (total recall) HVLT-R (delayed recall) HVLT-R (recognition hits) HVLT-R (learning) WMS-R (logical memory subtest, immediate recall) WMS-R (logical memory subtest, delayed recall) | 24.08 (5.89) 7.67 (3.06) 10.92 (1.31) 4 (1.86) 22.18 (7.59) 17.88 (7.66) | 23.50 (4.62) 7.67 (3.17) 11.33 (1.07) 2.92 (3.06) 24.18 (7.33) 21.47 (8.86) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 | WMS-R (logical memory subtest, immediate recall) WMS-R (logical memory subtest, delayed recall) | 17.21 (5.62) 14.79 (6.10) | 22.86 (5.52)e 20.00 (6.00)e | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) except for delayed recall of WMS-R | ||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | RAVLT (trials 1–5) RAVLT (long delay-free recall) | 45.75 (12.7) 8.33 (3.52) | 49.8 (12.12) 8.92 (3.55) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Visual memory | ||||||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | BVRT (number correct)a BVRT (number error)a | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 | WMS-R (recent visual memory) WMS-R (recall visual memory) | 40.97 37.95 | 44.54e 37.53e | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | ROCFT (delayed recall) BVMT-R (total recall) BVMT-R (delayed recall) BVMT-R (discrimination index) BVMT-R (learning) | 9.82 (7.45) 17.82 (5.88) 7.27 (2.37) 4.45 (1.29) 4.36 (2.38) | 14.5 (7.68) 21.45 (8.86) 8.36 (2.98) 4.91 (1.81) 3.64 (2.25) | No changes except ROCFT (delayed recall) – improvement | No sign. (p > 0.05) except ROCFT – delayed recall | ||||
Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 | WMS-R (immediate visual reproduction) WMS-R (delayed visual reproduction) | 9.79 (3.89) 8.57 (3.69) | 13.36 (0.63)e 12.21 (1.67)e | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | ROCFT (immediate recall) ROCFT (delayed recall) | 15.86 (5.26) 16.05 (5.44) | 20.04 (7.12) 20.29 (7.12) | Improvement | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
Language | ||||||||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | BNT WASI (vocabulary subtest) WASI (similarities subtest) | 53.36 (5.37) 46.47 (11.92) 32.31 (6.57) | 54.42 (5.42) 53.53 (9.45) 34.82 (8.07) | No changes except WASI (vocabulary) – improvement | No sign. (p > 0.05) except WASI (vocabulary) | ||||
Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 | WASI (similarities subtest) | 17.57 (2.85) | 17.35 (2.59)e | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | WAIS-III (similarities subtest) | 24.5 (5.14) | 24.67 (4.48) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Working memory | ||||||||||
Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 | TMT(B) | 35.94 | 40.43b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Rück et al. (2008)f | B, 129 | WAIS – R NI—digit spana | 47 (8.6) | 41 (10.3) | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 | Corsi spatial working memory test TMT(B) | 3.4 (0.74) 229.4 (137.89) | 3.2 (1.03)b 201.6 (100.33)b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | TMT(B) TMT(B) (errors) | 135.38 (76.6) 0.64 (1.03) | 136.19 (79.3) 0.82 (0.87) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 | TMT(B) | 53.5 (14.4) | 50.7 (12.4) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B,6 | TMT(B) WAIS-III (arithmetic subtest) WAIS-III (digit span subtest) | 87.08 (40.54) 14.36 (3.64) 15.67 (4.44) | 74.25 (43.62) 15 (3.59) 16.25 (4.27) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Executive functions | ||||||||||
Rück et al. (2008)f | B, 129 Not reported | WCST Subjective complaints: EAD scale and subjective reports | 41 (9.9) Not applicable | 29 (13.9) Not applicable | Not interpretable Executive dysfunction, apathy, and disinhibition | Not reported Not applicable | ||||
Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 | CST-A (right concept)a CST-B (perseverative errors)a IGT (selection from disadvantageous desks)a IGT (selection from advantageous desks)a Stroop test (interference scale, time)a | 3 (1.22) 3.6 (1.67) 57.4 (20.32) 42.6 (20.32) 39.6 (12.97) | 5 (1)e 2.8 (1.3)e 50.6 (13.81)b 49.2 (13.71)b 35 (19.44)e | No changes except for CST-A (improvementd) and stroop test (interference scale, time) (not interpretable) | No sign. (p > 0.05) except for CST-A (right concept) and stroop test (interference scale, time) | ||||
Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 | Stroop test (numbers per second)a | 0.87 (0.4) | 0.91 (0.3) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Zhan et al. (2014) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Mild hypersexuality, apathy, initiative, and lack of interest-related problems | Not applicable | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 Not reported | VST (stroop 1 – time) VST (stroop 2 – time) VST (stroop 3 – time) VST (effect-time) WCST (64 cards) (hits) WCST (64 cards) (categories) WCST (64 cards) (set-loss) WCST (64 cards) (perseverative responses) WCST (64 cards) (perseverative errors) WCST (64 cards) (non-perseverative errors) ROCFT (planning score)a TMT (effect–time) Subjective complaints | 15.56 (3.09) 18.81 (5.26) 30.95 (7.75) 15.39 (6.13) 41.53 (8.64) 2.6 (1.18) 0.6 (0.63) 4.47 (9.99) 4.07 (8.96) 18.4 (8.54) 2.55 (1.44) 80.81 (56.90) Not applicable | 15.82 (3.29) 18.66 (4.32) 28.94 (6.48) 13.12 (3.77) 45.63 (7.34) 3.13 (1.36) 0.19 (0.4) 3.56 (6.97) 3.19 (6.02) 15.31 (6.57) 2.91 (1.81) 94.13 (69.30) Not applicable | No changes except WCST (hits) and TMT (effect-time) – improvement Disinhibition | No sign. (p > 0.05) except WCST (hits) and TMT (effect-time) Not applicable | ||||
Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 Not reported | WCST (correct) WCST (errors) WCST (perseverative errors) WCST (non-perseverative errors) WCST (categories) Subjective complaints: subjective reports | 24.93 (7.5) 23.07 (7.5) 16.86 (9.53) 6.21 (2.36) 3.86 (1.56) Not applicable | 33.29 (5.7)e 14.71 (5.7)e 6.86 (5.86)e 7.86 (1.96)e 5.14 (0.95)e Not applicable | Improvementd except for WCST – (non-perseverative errors) – no changesd Childish behavior, sexual disinhibition, lack of interest, decreased motivation, inappropriate laughter | Sign. (p < 0.05) except in WCST (non-perseverative errors) Not applicable | ||||
Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | KCWST (mean reaction time for correct trials)a | 1.25 (0.32) | 1.30 (0.48)b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 | Stroop test (word score) Stroop test (color score) Stroop test (color-word score) | 81.2 (8.83) 51.6 (7.91) 35.4 (4.71) | 82.2 (7.72) 52.2 (6.73) 36.9 (8.11) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Kassell et al. (2022) | B, 6, 12, 24–48, ≥ 60 | WCST (128 cards) (perseverative errors) WCST (128 cards) (learning to learn) FrSBe (self-score) (item 13) FrSBe (family score) (item 13) | 21.94 2.77 Not reportedc Not reportedc | 20.30b 4.15b Not reportedc Not reportedc | Not interpretable No changesd | Not reported No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Verbal fluency | ||||||||||
Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 | Verbal fluency test (number of words)a Verbal fluency test (perseverative errors)a Category fluency test (intrusion errors)a | 32.4 (3.78) 1 (1) 0.6 (0.89) | 46.4 (10.73)e 1.8 (4.02)e 2.6 (2.51)e | Improvementd in VFT – (number of words) No changesd in VFT – (pers.errors) Worseningd in CFT-(intrusion errors) | Sign. (p < 0.05) except in VFT (pers. errors) | ||||
Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 | COWAT (phonemic portion) COWAT (semantic portion) | 38 (16.8) 19.3 (6.8) | 37 (16.3) 20.3 (3.3) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | COWAT (phonemic) COWAT (semantic) | 35.5 (15) 19.5 (6.4) | 38.2 (20.6)b 18.3 (5.8)b | No changesd No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | COWAT (phonemic fluency) | 37.58 (11.79) | 36.75 (9.95) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Information processing speed | ||||||||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | Digit symbol from WAIS-III | 47 (13.08) | 53.25 (15.05) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Intelligence | ||||||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | SRB-Test – synonymsa SRB-Test – reasoninga | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 | Koh’s cubes WAIS (IQ) | 44.83 98.88 | 41e 93.77e | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 | MAWI (Weshcler intelligence quotient)a | 91.8 (10.94) | 107.8 (7.04)e | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 | K-WAIS | 97.8 (21.7) | 101 (23.8) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Zhan et al. (2014) | B, 2w, 12, 36, 60 | WAIS | Not reported | Not reported | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | WASI (verbal IQ) WASI (performance IQ) WASI (total IQ) WASI (block design subtest) WASI (matrix reasoning subtest) | 91.38 (16.76) 89 (9.93) 90.74 (13.83) 29.31 (13.33) 20.41 (7.45) | 97.41 (15.93) 93.25 (11.48) 94.13 (13.74) 31.38 (4.25) 21.82 (10.84) | Improvement for WASI (performance IQ, total IQ), and block Design subtest No changes for WASI (verbal IQ) and matrix reasoning subtest | Sign. (p < 0.05) except for WASI verbal IQ and matrix reasoning | ||||
Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 | WASI (block design subtest) | 31.50 (10.76) | 40.36 (9.57)e | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | K-WAISa | 90.0 (19.3) | 93.5 (19.7)b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | WAIS-III (full-scale intelligence quotient) | 101.82 (11.17) | 102.83 (11.13) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Motor functioning | ||||||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | Zeal testa | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | GPT – dominant hand – time GPT – dominant hand – errors GPT – non-dominant hand – time GPT – non-dominant hand—errors HFTT – dominant hand HFTT – non-dominant hand HD – dominant hand HD – non-dominant hand | 87.39 (17.25) 0.45 (0.52) 95.24 (19.5) 0.55 (0.82) 47.79 (9.48) 43.66 (7.09) 28.85 (8) 25.72 (8.39) | 79.27 (18.89) 0.36 (0.67) 97.91 (32.05) 0.55 (0.69) 48.06 (9.06) 44.58 (6.17) 28.8 (8.19) 28.88 (8.42) | No changes except for GPT (dominant hand – time), and HD (non-dominant hand scores) – improvement | No sign. (p > 0.05) except GPT (dominant hand – time), and HD (non-dominant hand scores) | ||||
Overall cognitive functioning | ||||||||||
Zhan et al. (2014) | B, 2w, 12, 36, 60 | MMSE | Not reported | Not reported | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | MMSE | 91.94 (6.23) | 92.69 (7.20) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 | ACER (total score) | 82.4 (7.2) | 84.8 (8.6) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) |
Authors | Assessment times (months) | Cognitive measures (score) | Pre-score | Post-score | Cognitive outcome | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visuospatial abilities | ||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | FITa Kohs’ block testa BVRT (number correct)a BVRT (number error)a | Not reportedb | Not reportedb | Not interpretable | Not reported |
Jung et al. (2006) | B, 12 | ROCFT (copy) | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) |
Memory (general) | ||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | CMMT (object)a CMMT (word-pair)a CMMT (fig fact)a | Not reportedb | Not reportedb | Not interpretable | Not reported |
Jung et al. (2006) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Immediate memory dysfunction | Not applicable |
Verbal memory | ||||||
Jung et al. (2006) | B, 12 | HVLT (total number of words recalled during the three trials) HVLT (delayed recall) HVLT (learning) HVLT (percentage retained) HVLT (HVLT) (recognition) | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) |
Visual memory | ||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | BVRT (number correct)a BVRT (number error)a | Not reportedb | Not reportedb | Not interpretable | Not reported |
Jung et al. (2006) | B, 12 | ROCFT (immediate recall) ROCFT (delayed recall) | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) |
Executive functions | ||||||
Jung et al. (2006) | B, 12 | WCST (total number of correct responses) WCST (total number of errors) WCST (perseverative responses) WCST (perseverative errors) WCST (non-perseverative errors) | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Improvement except in WCST (total n. of correct responses) – no changes | Sign. (p < 0.05) except in WCST (total n. of correct responses) |
Verbal fluency | ||||||
Jung et al. (2006) | B, 12 | COWAT (total number of words in letter version) COWAT (total number of words in category version) | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) |
Intelligence | ||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | SRB-test – synonymsa SRB-test – reasoninga | Not reportedb | Not reportedb | Not interpretable | Not reported |
Jung et al. (2006) | B, 12 | K-WAIS (full scale – IQ)a K-WAIS (verbal – IQ)a K-WAIS (performance– IQ)a | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) |
Motor functioning | ||||||
Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | Zeal testa | Not reportedb | Not reportedb | Not interpretable | Not reported |