Introduction
Patients and methods
Clinical study design
CT angiography
Biochemical indexes
Risk factors
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Characteristic | Total | N-CAT group | CAT group | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (n) | 1280 | 835 (65%) | 445 (35%) | |
Gender | ||||
Male (n) | 658 (51.4%) | 476 (57%) | 182 (40.9%) | < 0.001 |
Female (n) | 622 (48.6%) | 359 (43%) | 263 (59.1%) | |
Age (years) | 62.3 ± 12.7 | 61.1 ± 12.9 | 65.2 ± 11.8 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
18.5–23.9 | 412 (31.2%) | 238 (28.5%) | 174 (39.1%) | < 0.001 |
24–27.9 | 635 (49.6%) | 418 (50.1%) | 217 (48.8%) | |
> 28 | 233 (18.2%) | 179 (21.4%) | 54 (12.1%) | |
Myocardial bridge | 555 (43.4%) | 349 (41.8%) | 206 (46.3%) | 0.122 |
Diameter stenosis | ||||
No stenosis | 518 (40.5%) | 351 (42%) | 167 (37.5%) | 0.204 |
Slight stenosis | 207 (16.2%) | 134 (16.1%) | 73 (16.4%) | |
Mild stenosis | 242 (18.9%) | 153 (18.3%) | 89 (20%) | |
Moderate stenosis | 182 (14.2%) | 107 (12.8%) | 75 (16.9%) | |
Severe stenosis | 131 (10.2%) | 90 (10.8%) | 41 (9.2%) | |
Agatston score | ||||
0 | 608 (47.5%) | 411 (49.2%) | 197 (44.2%) | 0.111 |
1–100 | 342 (26.7%) | 226 (27.1%) | 116 (26.1%) | |
101–400 | 173 (13.5%) | 101 (12.1%) | 72 (16.2%) | |
> 400 | 157 (12.3%) | 97 (11.6%) | 60 (13.5%) | |
Smoking | 189 (14.8%) | 131 (15.7%) | 58 (13%) | 0.202 |
Hypertension | 758 (59.2%) | 474 (56.8%) | 284 (63.8%) | 0.014 |
Diabetes | 266 (20.8%) | 178 (21.3%) | 88 (19.8%) | 0.517 |
Biochemical indexes | ||||
Uric Acid (μmol/l) | 341 ± 103.2 | 346.1 ± 104.1 | 331.6 ± 101 | 0.018 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.047 |
CHOL (mmol/l) | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 0.475 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 0.496 |
ApoA1(g/l) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.582 |
ApoB (g/l) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.633 |
LPa (mg/l) | 124 (59–296) | 118 (58–274) | 138 (61–328) | 0.117 |
No correlation between CAT and CAC score
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
Agatston score | ||||||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
1–100 | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | 0.831 | 0.91 (0.61–1.35) | 0.635 | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | 0.712 |
101–400 | 1.35 (0.92–1.97) | 0.125 | 1.37 (0.83–2.28) | 0.224 | 1.40 (0.84–2.32) | 0.200 |
> 400 | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 0.957 | 1.16 (0.66–2.06) | 0.605 | 1.22 (0.69–2.17) | 0.500 |
p for trend | 0.375 | 0.312 | 0.314 |
Variable | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
Gender | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 1.92 (1.52–2.42) | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.30–2.17) | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
18.5–23.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
24–27.9 | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | 0.009 | 0.76(0.58–1.00) | 0.044 |
> 28 | 0.41 (0.29–0.59) | < 0.001 | 0.46(0.31–0.68) | < 0.001 |
Diameter stenosis | ||||
No stenosis | Ref | N/A | ||
Slight stenosis | 1.15 (0.82–1.61) | 0.434 | ||
Mild stenosis | 1.22 (0.89–1.68) | 0.218 | ||
Moderate stenosis | 1.47 (1.04–2.09) | 0.029 | ||
Severe stenosis | 0.96 (0.63–1.45) | 0.837 | ||
Agatston score | ||||
0 | Ref | N/A | ||
1–100 | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | 0.633 | ||
101–400 | 1.49 (1.05–2.10) | 0.025 | ||
> 400 | 1.29 (0.89–1.86) | 0.170 | ||
Hypertension | 1.34 (1.06–1.70) | 0.015 | 1.35(1.04–1.75) | 0.024 |
Uric Acid (μmol/l) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.019 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.922 |
TG (mmol/l) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.049 | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 0.696 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 2.02 (1.38–2.96) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (0.97–2.23) | 0.068 |
Factors affecting the incidence of CAT
Moderate calcification score is related to CAT in female patients
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
Agatston score | ||||||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
1–100 | 1.49 (1.01–2.18) | 0.042 | 1.29 (0.89–1.93) | 0.226 | 1.29 (0.86–1.95) | 0.224 |
101–400 | 2.36 (1.36–4.07) | 0.002 | 1.94 (1.09–3.45) | 0.024 | 1.80 (1.00–3.22) | 0.048 |
> 400 | 1.82 (1.07–3.11) | 0.028 | 1.34 (0.74–2.43) | 0.332 | 1.33 (0.72–2.44) | 0.358 |
p for trend | 0.004 | 0.140 | 0.226 |
Variable | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
Age (years) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.126 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
18.5–23.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
24–27.9 | 0.75 (0.53–1.07) | 0.111 | 0.73 (0.51–1.06) | 0.094 |
> 28 | 0.49 (0.31–0.81) | 0.005 | 0.51 (0.31–0.84) | 0.008 |
Agatston score | ||||
0 | Ref | Ref | ||
1–100 | 1.49 (1.01–2.18) | 0.042 | 1.29 (0.86–1.95) | 0.224 |
101–400 | 2.36 (1.36–4.07) | 0.002 | 1.79 (1.00–3.20) | 0.048 |
> 400 | 1.82 (1.07–3.11) | 0.028 | 1.33 (0.72–2.44) | 0.358 |
Hypertension | 1.68 (1.21–2.33) | 0.002 | 1.54 (1.07–2.22) | 0.021 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.88 (1.12–3.18) | 0.018 | 1.86 (1.07–3.24) | 0.028 |
Variable | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
Age (years) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.002 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | < 0.0001 |
BMI | ||||
18.5–23.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
24–27.9 | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) | 0.175 | 0.72 (0.56–0.94) | 0.014 |
> 28 | 3.62 (0.21–0.64) | < 0.0001 | 0.46 (0.32–0.66) | < 0.0001 |
Diameter stenosis | ||||
No stenosis | Ref | Ref | ||
Slight stenosis | 1.61 (0.98–2.64) | 0.06 | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) | 0.769 |
Mild stenosis | 1.67 (1.02–2.74) | 0.041 | 0.95 (0.68–1.34) | 0.782 |
Moderate stenosis | 1.51 (0.90–2.52) | 0.116 | 1.05 (0.72–1.52) | 0.819 |
Severe stenosis | 1.01 (0.56–1.82) | 0.937 | 0.67 (0.43–1.04) | 0.071 |