Introduction
Methods
Study Population
Measures used
Dependent variables
Variable name | Question | Coded as |
---|---|---|
Suicide ideation | During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide? | No (0), Yes (1) |
Made a suicide plan | During the past 12 months, did you make a plan about how you would attempt suicide? | No (0), Yes (1) |
Suicide attempt | During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide? | Never (0), 1 or more times |
Age | How old are you? | 12–16 (continuous) |
Sex | What is your sex? | Male (1), Female (2) |
Hunger | During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home? | Never/ Rarely/ Sometimes (0), Most of the time/Always (1) |
Attacked | During the past 12 months, how many times did you get physically attacked? | Never (0), 1 or more times (1) |
Physical fight | During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight? | Never (0),1 or more times (1) |
Injured | During the past 12 months, how many times were you seriously injured? | Never (0), 1 or more times (1) |
Bullying victimisation | During the past 30 days, on how many days were you bullied? | Never (0), 1 or more times (1) |
Loneliness | During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely? | Never/ Rarely/ Sometimes (0) Most of the time/Always (1) |
Anxiety | During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night? | Never/ Rarely/ Sometimes (0), Most of the time/Always (1) |
Truancy | During the past 30 days, on how many days did you miss classes or school without permission? | 0 to 2 days (0), 3 or more days (1) |
Helpful peers | During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful? | Never/ Rarely/ Sometimes (0), Most of the time/Always (1) |
No Close friends | How many close friends do you have? | 1 or more friends (0), No friends (1) |
Alcohol use | During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least one drink containing alcohol? | 0 days (0), 1 or more days (1) |
Smoke cigarettes | During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? | No (0), 1 or more days (1) |
Supportive parents or guardians | During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries? | Never/ Rarely/ Sometimes (0), Most of the time/Always (1) |
Individual level variables
Country level variables
Country | Year | Total | Total (12–16 year) | Ideation | Plan | Attempt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (W %, [95% CI]) | N (W %, [95% CI9]) | N (W %, [95% CI9]) | ||||
Africa | ||||||
Benin | 2016 | 2536 | 1174 | 162 (13.12, [10.05,16.96]) | 171 (13.97, [11.11,17.42]) | 153 (13.87, [11.03,17.31]) |
Ghana | 2012 | 3632 | 1780 | 325 (18.90, [16.13,22.03]) | 384 (22.60, [18.34,27.53]) | 450 (26.69, [21.96,32.01]) |
Mauritania | 2010 | 2063 | 1996 | 348 (17.42, [12.20,24.25]) | 300 (15.54, [11.82,20.17]) | 339 (17.06, [11.84,23.96]) |
Mozambique | 2015 | 1918 | 1011 | 144 (15.51, [11.71,20.26]) | 161 (16.83, [12.55,22.20]) | 157 (16.27, [12.79,20.47]) |
Namibia | 2013 | 4531 | 2655 | 521 (20.15, [17.91,22.59]) | 688 (25.53, [22.34,29.01]) | 698 (26.07, [22.02,30.56]) |
Seychelles | 2015 | 2540 | 2470 | 507 (21.54, [19.60,23.62]) | 520 (21.95, [19.80,24.26]) | 477 (20.27, [17.65,23.16]) |
Tanzania | 2014 | 3793 | 3093 | 372 (12.56, [10.95,14.37]) | 261 (8.64, [7.31,10.19]) | 316 (10.81, [8.82,13.19]) |
Subtotal | 21,013 | 14,179 | 2379 (14.75, [13.59,15.99]) | 2 485 (13.77, [12.25,15.44]) | 2 590 (15.99, [14.10,18.08]) | |
Americas | ||||||
Ant & Bar | 2009 | 1266 | 1253 | 226 (17.21, [15.04,19.63]) | 233 (17.67, [15.48,20.08]) | 167 (12.22, [10.24,14.53]) |
Argentina | 2012 | 28,368 | 28,055 | 4 972 (17.21, [15.73,18.79]) | 4 526 (15.94, [14.49,17.51]) | 4 463 (16.18, [14.95,17.48]) |
Bahamas | 2013 | 1357 | 1343 | 235 (18.33, [15.79,21.18]) | 206 (15.45, [13.37,17.80]) | 185 (14.08, [11.80,16.71]) |
Belize | 2011 | 2112 | 1972 | 289 (14.70, [12.97,16.61]) | 330 (17.25, [15.47,19.18]) | 264 (13.30, [11.39,15.48]) |
Bolivia | 2012 | 3696 | 3497 | 640 (18.01, [16.11,20.08]) | 589 (16.84, [15.09,18.75]) | 730 (20.85, [18.91,22.92]) |
B. V. Is. | 2009 | 1664 | 1589 | 234 (14.95, [14.95,14.95]) | 253 (15.99, [15.99,15.99]) | 202 (12.50, [12.50,12.50]) |
Costa Rica | 2009 | 2679 | 2660 | 291 (10.87, [9.58,12.31]) | 200 (7.41, [6.53,8.41]) | 227 (8.46, [7.55,9.47]) |
Curaçao | 2015 | 2765 | 1851 | 211 (11.70, [9.98,13.67]) | 173 (9.71, [8.03,11.71]) | 217 (11.94, [10.20,13.93]) |
El Salvador | 2013 | 1915 | 1878 | 264 (13.84, [11.82,16.14]) | 209 (11.50, [9.48,13.90]) | 250 (13.18, [11.34,15.27]) |
Guyana | 2010 | 2392 | 2361 | 530 (23.29, [21.07,25.66]) | 530 (23.12, [20.71,25.72]) | |
Honduras | 2012 | 1779 | 1730 | 319 (19.44, [17.06,22.06]) | 315 (18.97, [16.81,21.33]) | 287 (17.21, [14.81,19.90]) |
Peru | 2010 | 2 882 | 2853 | 576 (19.89, [17.92,22.02]) | 443 (15.27, [13.58,17.12]) | 492 (17.25, [15.80,18.80]) |
Suriname | 2009 | 1698 | 1676 | 220 (13.53, [11.52,15.82]) | 192 (12.15, [10.17,14.45]) | 160 (9.92, [8.57,11.45]) |
Trinidad | 2011 | 2811 | 2636 | 428 (16.51, [14.32,18.96]) | 447 (17.60, [15.33,20.12]) | 368 (13.56, [11.82,15.51]) |
Uruguay | 2012 | 3524 | 3474 | 417 (12.33, [10.91,13.92]) | 379 (11.20, [9.65,12.97]) | 344 (10.15, [8.44,12.16]) |
Subtotal | 60,908 | 58,828 | 9 852 (17.53, [16.72,18.37]) | 9 025 (15.29, [14.58,16.03]) | 8 356 (16.25, [15.55,16.97]) | |
E. Mediterranean | ||||||
Afghanistan | 2014 | 2579 | 1962 | 356 (19.66, [15.72,24.31]) | 302 (16.55, [13.27,20.44]) | 286 (14.77, [12.11,17.90]) |
Bahrain | 2016 | 7141 | 6443 | 848 (14.89, [13.21,16.75]) | 835 (13.68, [12.15,15.38]) | 725 (12.69, [11.31,14.22]) |
Iraq | 2012 | 2038 | 1988 | 331 (17.33, [15.02,19.90]) | 311 (16.57, [14.79,18.51]) | 323 (16.18, [14.10,18.49]) |
Kuwait | 2015 | 3637 | 2689 | 410 (16.28, [13.81,19.11]) | 395 (16.22, [14.22,18.45]) | 406 (16.08, [12.86,19.92]) |
Lebanon | 2011 | 2286 | 2249 | 328 (15.17, [13.20,17.37]) | 253 (11.48, [9.40,13.94]) | 305 (13.64, [11.77,15.75]) |
Morocco | 2010 | 2924 | 2852 | 472 (16.49, [14.37,18.84]) | 412 (14.74, [12.75,16.97]) | 394 (13.98, [11.72,16.60]) |
Oman | 2015 | 3468 | 2429 | 495 (21.00, [18.84,23.34]) | ||
Pakistan | 2009 | 5192 | 5170 | 375 (7.27, [6.28,8.41]) | 385 (7.56, [6.50,8.76]) | |
Palestine | 2010 | 14,558 | 14,359 | 2 760 (20.42, [19.05,21.85]) | 2 369 (17.21, [16.39,18.06]) | 2810 (20.81, [19.80,21.86]) |
UAE | 2010 | 2581 | 2561 | 387 (16.36, [14.21,18.77]) | 381 (15.88, [14.21,17.70]) | 356 (14.04, [12.11,16.22]) |
Subtotal | 46,404 | 42,702 | 6762 (13.49, [12.48,14.57]) | 5643 (12.47, [11.56,13.44]) | 5586 (15.52, [14.36,16.75]) |
Country | Year | Total | Total (12–16 year) | Ideation | Plan | Attempt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (W %, [95% CI]) | N (W %, [95% CI9]) | N (W %, [95% CI9]) | ||||
SE Asia | ||||||
Bangladesh | 2014 | 2989 | 2949 | 124 (4.85, [3.66,6.42]) | 168 (7.45, [5.64,9.79]) | 197 (6.72, [5.25,8.57]) |
Indonesia | 2015 | 11,142 | 9919 | 510 (4.89, [4.19,5.71]) | 558 (5.56, [4.86,6.36]) | 383 (3.87, [3.18,4.71]) |
Nepal | 2015 | 6529 | 5727 | 700 (13.65, [11.31,16.38]) | 712 (13.68, [11.48,16.21]) | 576 (10.11, [7.84,12.93]) |
Thailand | 2015 | 5894 | 4886 | 543 (12.15, [10.68,13.79]) | 608 (14.10, [11.93,16.59]) | 655 (13.59, [10.88,16.86]) |
Timor-Leste | 2015 | 3704 | 2282 | 211 (9.33, [7.29,11.87]) | 229 (9.91, [7.80,12.51]) | 228 (10.08, [8.00,12.62]) |
Subtotal | 30 258 | 25,763 | 2 088 (6.64, [5.99,7.37]) | 2 275 (7.89, [7.15,8.71]) | 1 879 (6.44, 5.67,7.31]) | |
W. Pacific | ||||||
Brunei | 2014 | 2599 | 2333 | 216 (9.24, [7.86,10.83]) | 149 (6.47, [5.32,7.86]) | 129 (5.57, [4.61,6.72]) |
Cook Is. | 2015 | 701 | 532 | 74 (14.31, [11.95,17.05]) | 79 (14.55, [11.67,18.00]) | 65 (12.32, [9.14,16.40]) |
Fiji | 2016 | 3705 | 2394 | 263 (11.35, [9.80,13.11]) | 305 (13.10, [11.16,15.32]) | 258 (10.88, [8.92,13.21]) |
Fr. Polynesia | 2015 | 3216 | 2431 | 358 (14.22, [12.72,15.86]) | 411 (16.57, [15.14,18.11]) | 240 (9.96, [8.67,11.42]) |
Kiribati | 2011 | 1582 | 1559 | 521 (34.49, [31.07,38.07]) | 514 (33.66, [30.52,36.94]) | 483 (31.43, [28.36,34.65]) |
Lao | 2015 | 3683 | 2542 | 77 (3.06, [2.27,4.11]) | 116 (4.66, [3.79,5.71]) | 150 (5.92, [4.68,7.45]) |
Malaysia | 2012 | 25,507 | 20,835 | 1484 (7.85, [7.19,8.57]) | 1189 (6.33, [5.86,6.83]) | 1420 (6.83, [6.12,7.62]) |
Mongolia | 2013 | 5393 | 4442 | 995 (22.37, [20.63,24.22]) | 657 (14.73, [13.51,16.04]) | 437 (9.92, [8.98,10.95]) |
Nauru | 2011 | 578 | 543 | 141 (27.81, [27.81,27.81]) | 118 (22.82, [22.82,22.82]) | |
Philippines | 2015 | 8761 | 7793 | 792 (11.31, [9.91,12.89]) | 763 (10.67, [9.60,11.85]) | 1287 (16.54, [13.26,20.43]) |
Samoa | 2011 | 2418 | 2 355 | 626 (33.67, [30.94,36.53]) | 781 (39.76, [36.13,43.52]) | 1354 (61.49, [55.21,67.40]) |
Solomon Is. | 2011 | 1 421 | 1 332 | 371 (26.51, [22.01,31.56]) | 358 (26.32, [22.20,30.89]) | 441 (34.08, [26.62,42.42]) |
Tokelau | 2014 | 140 | 101 | 25 (24.36, [19.12,30.51]) | 28 (27.26, [25.61,28.98]) | 27 (27.06, [20.87,34.30]) |
Tuvalu | 2013 | 943 | 904 | 65 (7.46, [7.46,7.46]) | 95 (10.94, [10.94,10.94]) | 74 (8.31, [8.31,8.31]) |
Vanuatu | 2011 | 1119 | 1024 | 181 (17.80, [14.01,22.35]) | 216 (20.72, [16.29,25.98]) | 253 (24.73, [20.10,30.04]) |
W&F | 2015 | 1117 | 892 | 189 (22.09, [18.67,25.93]) | 242 (27.80, [24.87,30.93]) | 132 (15.09, [12.63,17.92]) |
Subtotal | 62,883 | 52,012 | 6 378 (10.75, [9.67,11.92]) | 6 021 (9.84, [9.02,10.72]) | 6 529 (14.18, [11.68,17.11]) | |
Total | 221,466 | 193,484 | 27,459 (10.37, [9.92,10.83]) | 25,449 (10.27, [9.82,10.75]) | 24 940 (10.96, [10.28,11.68]) |
Statistical analysis
Multilevel mixed effects models
Results
Variable | Number (weighted data) | Percent (weighted) |
---|---|---|
Sex (male) | 99,724 | 51.89 |
Hunger | 12,863 | 6.71 |
Attacked | 73,529 | 38.37 |
Physical fight | 60,131 | 31.29 |
Injured | 67,986 | 40.41 |
Bullying victimization | 58,406 | 32.07 |
Lonely | 19,821 | 10.39 |
Anxiety | 14,580 | 7.60 |
No close friends | 11,156 | 5.87 |
Use of Cigarettes /alcohol | 30,698 | 16.03 |
Truancy | 52,039 | 27.56 |
Helpful peers | 77,454 | 41.14 |
Supportive parents or guardians | 71,403 | 37.92 |
Variable | Adjusted odds ratio | 95% Confidence interval | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.06 | 1.04, 1.08 | < 0.001 |
Sex (ref: Male) | 1.90 | 1.82, 1.99 | < 0.001 |
Went hungry | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.22 | 0.004 |
Attacked | 1.40 | 1.33, 1.46 | < 0.001 |
Physical fighting | 1.22 | 1.16, 1.28 | < 0.001 |
Injured | 1.31 | 1.25, 1.37 | <0.001 |
Bullying victimisation | 1.58 | 1.51, 1.66 | < 0.001 |
Loneliness | 2.77 | 2.63, 2.93 | < 0.001 |
Anxiety | 2.27 | 2.14, 2.42 | < 0.001 |
No close friends | 1.58 | 1.46, 1.71 | < 0.001 |
Truancy | 1.25 | 1.19, 1.30 | < 0.001 |
Helpful peers | 0.87 | 0.83, 0.90 | < 0.001 |
Supportive parents or guardians | 0.65 | 0.62, 0.68 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol/smoke cigarettes | 1.97 | 1.87, 2.06 | < 0.001 |
Gini coefficient | 1.00 | 0.98, 1,03 | 0.888 |
GDP per capita | 1.04 | 0.98, 1.11 | 0.234 |
Pupil to teacher ratio | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.02 | 0.839 |
Homicide | 1.01 | 1.00, 1.02 | 0.060 |
Population density | 0.95 | 0.85, 1.05 | 0.277 |
Availability of suicide law | 1.04 | 0.68, 1.58 | 0.865 |
Night light index | 5.13 | 0.42, 62.70 | 0.200 |
Random effects | Variance | ||
Intercept (country level) | 0.19 | 0.12, 0.32 | <0.001 |
Discussion
Variable | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (continuous) | 1.04 | 1.02, 1.06 | < 0.001 |
Sex (ref: Male) | 1.64 | 1.57, 1.72 | < 0.001 |
Went hungry | 1.09 | 1.01, 1.19 | 0.030 |
Attacked | 1.36 | 1.29, 1.43 | < 0.001 |
Physical fighting | 1.24 | 1.18, 1.30 | < 0.001 |
Bullying victimisation | 1.45 | 1.39, 1.52 | < 0.001 |
Loneliness | 2.32 | 2.19, 2.46 | < 0.001 |
Anxiety | 2.05 | 1.92, 2.18 | < 0.001 |
No close friends | 2.03 | 1.88, 2.19 | < 0.001 |
Truancy | 1.27 | 1.21, 1.33 | < 0.001 |
Helpful peers | 0.93 | 0.89, 0.97 | 0.001 |
Supportive parents or guardians | 0.72 | 0.68, 0.75 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol/smoke cigarettes | 1.85 | 1.76, 1.94 | < 0.001 |
Gini coefficient | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.463 |
GDP per capita | 1.04 | 0.99, 1.10 | 0.155 |
Pupil to teacher ratio | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.01 | 0.584 |
Homicide | 1.01 | 1.00, 1.02 | 0.077 |
Population density | 0.99 | 0.91, 1.07 | 0.761 |
Availability of suicide law | 0.92 | 0.65, 1.30 | 0.620 |
Night light index | 15.44 | 1.94, 122.97 | 0.010 |
Random effects | Variance | ||
Intercept (country level) | 0.13 | 0.08, 0.22 | < 0.001 |
Strengths and limitations
Variable | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (continuous) | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.321 |
Sex (ref: Male) | 1.66 | 1.59, 1.74 | < 0.001 |
Went hungry | 1.24 | 1.15, 1.35 | < 0.001 |
Attacked | 1.42 | 1.36, 1.50 | < 0.001 |
Physical fighting | 1.33 | 1.27, 1.40 | < 0.001 |
Injured | 1.50 | 1.44, 1.58 | < 0.001 |
Bullying victimisation | 1.71 | 1.63, 1.79 | < 0.001 |
Loneliness | 2.10 | 1.98, 2.23 | < 0.001 |
Anxiety | 2.06 | 1.93, 2.20 | < 0.001 |
No close friends | 2.02 | 1.87, 2.19 | < 0.001 |
Truancy | 1.40 | 1.34, 1.47 | < 0.001 |
Helpful peers | 0.90 | 0.86, 0.94 | < 0.001 |
Supportive parents or guardians | 0.77 | 0.73, 0.81 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol/smoked cigarettes | 1.96 | 1.87, 2.07 | < 0.001 |
Gini coefficient | 1.02 | 0.99, 1,04 | 0.141 |
GDP per capita | 1.04 | 0.97, 1.11 | 0.274 |
Pupil to teacher ratio | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.01 | 0.434 |
Homicide | 1.01 | 1.00, 1.02 | 0.191 |
Population density | 1.00 | 0.90, 1.11 | 0.976 |
Availability of suicide law | 0.95 | 0.61, 1.47 | 0.809 |
Night light index | 36.67 | 2.69, 500.36 | 0.007 |
Random effects | Variance | ||
Intercept (country level) | 0.21 | 0.13, 0.34 | < 0.001 |