Background
RNA m6A modification
Participants of m6A modification: writers, erasers, and readers
m6A writers
m6A erasers
m6A readers
Category | Factors | Roles | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Writers | METTL3 | m6A catalytic subunit | |
METTL14 | Forms heterodimer with METTL3 to stabilize METTL3 and assist recognizing the subtract | ||
METTL16 | m6A catalytic subunit | [19] | |
METTL5 | Ribosome 18S m6A methyltransferase | ||
TRMT112 | Forms heterodimeric complex with METTL5 as a methyltransferase activator to stabilize METTL5 | [21] | |
ZCCHC4 | Ribosome 28S m6A methyltransferase | ||
HAKAI | Essential member of the MTC | [24] | |
WTAP | Promotse m6A methyltransferase activity and localization in nuclear speckles | [25] | |
VIRMA | Binds the MTC and recruit it to specific RNA region | [26] | |
RBM15/15B | Binds the MTC and recruit it to specific RNA site | [27] | |
ZC3H13 | Promotes nuclear localization of MTC to modulate m6A in the nucleus | [28] | |
Erasers | FTO | Eliminates m6A by oxidation | |
ALKBH5 | Eliminates m6A by oxidation | ||
Readers | YTHDF1 | Facilitates the ribosome assembly of m6A-mRNAs and interacts with the initiation factor to promote translation; cooperates with YTHDF2 and YTHDF3 to mediate degradation of m6A-mRNAs | |
YTHDF2 | Reduces m6A-mRNAs stability; stabilize m6A-mRNAs specifically in cancer stem cells; cooperates with YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 to mediate degradation of m6A-mRNAs | ||
YTHDF3 | Cooperates with YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 to mediate degradation of m6A-mRNAs | ||
YTHDC1 | Promotes RNA splicing and translocation; facilitates the decay of m6A-modified chromosome-associated regulatory RNAs; together with its target m6A-RNAs to regulate chromatin modification and retrotransposon repression; regulate histone methylation | ||
YTHDC2 | Facilitates the translation and decrease the abundance of m6A-RNAs; has 3′-5′ RNA helicase activity and decrease the stability of m6A-mRNAs | ||
HNRNPC/G | Responsible for pre-mRNA processing and affect the alternative splicing of target m6A-mRNAs | ||
HNRNPA2B1 | Binds to m6A-containing pri-miRNAs to promote pri-miRNA processing; may regulate mRNA splicing by binding to m6A-containing pre-mRNAs; facilitates m6A modification and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of mRNAs | ||
IGF2BP1/2/3 | Regulates m6A-RNAs stability, subcellular localization and translation | ||
EIF3 | Facilitates translation of m6A-mRNAs by recruiting the 43S complex | ||
PRRC2A | Enhances m6A-mRNAs stability | [52] | |
SND1 | Enhances m6A-RNAs stability | [53] |
Biological functions of m6A modification
m6A modulates RNA transcription, splicing, and structure
m6A modulates RNA subcellular localization
m6A modulates RNA stability, translation, and binding capacity
CircRNAs
Biogenesis of circRNAs
Exportation and distribution of circRNAs
Biological functions of circRNAs
Degradation of circRNAs
Crosstalk between m6A and circular RNAs
Crosstalk | circRNA | Roles | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
m6A regulates circRNAs expression | circMETTL3 | METTL3 facilitates circMETTL3 expression in an m6A-dependent manner | [97] |
circ1662 | METTL3 induced circ1662 generation by binding its flanking sequences and installing m6A modifications | [98] | |
circCUX1 | METTL3 mediates the m6A methylation of circCUX1 and stabilizes circCUX1 | [99] | |
circRNA-SORE | m6A modification raises circRNA-SORE level by increasing RNA stability | [100] | |
circRNAs | m6A modification cause circRNAs selectively degraded by RNase P/MRP complex | [101] | |
m6A regulates circRNAs distribution | circGFRα1 | METTL14 promotes cytoplasmic export of m6A-modified circGFRα1 through the GGACU motif | [102] |
circNSUN2 | m6A modification of circNSUN2 facilitates cytoplasmic export | [60] | |
m6A regulates circRNAs function | circRNAs | Extensive m6A modifications in circRNAs drives protein translation in a cap-independent fashion | [87] |
circRNAs | m6A modification controls circRNA immunity | [103] | |
circRNAs regulate m6A | hsa_circ_0072309 | hsa_circ_0072309 upregulates the expression of m6A demethylase FTO by targeting miR-607 | [104] |
circMAP2K4 | circMAP2K4 promote YTHDF1 expression by binding with hsa-miR-139-5p | [105] | |
circRAB11FIP1 | circRAB11FIP1 regulated the m6A methylation of ATG5 and ATG7 mRNA via upregulating FTO | [106] | |
circMEG3 | circMEG3 inhibits the expression of METTL3 dependent on HULC | [107] | |
circNOTCH1 | circNOTCH1 regulates the m6A modification on Nothch1 mRNA by binding to METTL14. | [108] | |
circZbtb20 | circZbtb20 enhances the interaction of ALKBH5 with Nr4a1 mRNA, leading to ablation of the m6A on Nr4a1 mRNA | [109] | |
circSTAG1 | circSTAG1 regulates m6A modification on FAAH by mediating ALKBH5 translocation | [110] |