Background
Carrier | Year | Sperm origin | Recovery rate | Motility rate | Survival rate | Fertilization rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human, mouse and hamster zonae [16] | 1997 | Ejaculate | 73% | 82% | NA | 50% |
Human and hamster zonae [17] | 1998 | Ejaculate, testicular | ≥75% | 67–100% | NA | 65% |
Human zona [18] | 1999 | Ejaculate | 92% | NA | 84% | NA |
Human zonae [19] | 2000 | Testicular | 88% | 27% | NA | 23% |
Human and mouse zonae [20] | 2000 | Ejaculate, epidydimal, testicular | 82% | 83% | NA | NA |
Mouse zonae [21] | 2000 | Testicular | 100% | 58% | 77% | NA |
Human zona pellucida [22] | 2001 | Epidydimal | NA | NA | NA | 57% |
Human zona [23] | 2003 | Ejaculate | 59% | 73% | NA | NA |
Volvox globator algae [24] | 2004 | Ejaculate | 100% | ≥63% | NA | NA |
Alginic acid drops [25] | 2006 | Ejaculate | NA | 20–30% | 40–50% | NA |
Agarose gel microspheres [26] | 2007 | Ejaculate | 98% | 78% | 81% | NA |
Hollow-core agarose capsules [27] | 2015 | Ejaculate | 94% | 84% | 95% | NA |
Hollow hyaluronan-phenolic hydroxyl microcapsules [28] | 2016 | Ejaculate | 95% | 14% | NA | NA |
Cryoloops [29] | 2003 | Ejaculate | NA | 45% | NA | NA |
Cryoloops [30] | 2004 | Ejaculate | 68% | 73% | NA | 67% |
Cryoloop [31] | 2004 | Epidydimal, testicular | 72% | NA | NA | 58% |
Droplets on plastic dish [32] | 2000 | NA | 90–100% | NA | NA | NA |
0.5ul microdrop in a plastic dish [33] | 2003 | Ejaculate | 100% | < 50% | NA | NA |
5ul microdrop in a plastic dish [34] | 2008 | Testicular | 100% | 2% | NA | 18% |
Cell Sleeper [35] | 2012 | Testicular | 83% | NA | NA | 83% |
Cell Sleeper [36] | 2012 | Ejaculate | 100% | 28% | 58% | NA |
Cell Sleeper [37] | 2016 | Testicular | 94% | 56% | NA | 66% |
Cryotop [35] | 2012 | Ejaculate, testicular | 96% | NA | NA | 64% |
Cryotop [36] | 2012 | Ejaculate | 100% | 44% | 78% | NA |
Cryotop [38] | 2011 | Ejaculate, testicular | 93% | 43% | NA | NA |
Cryoleaf [39] | 2011 | Ejaculate, epididymal | 99% | 66% | NA | 61% |
Cryopiece [40] | 2017 | Ejaculate, testicular | 83% | 48% | NA | 73% |
Closed slice [41] | 2015 | Ejaculate | 94% | 41% | 70% | NA |
Closed slice [42] | 2017 | Testicular | 92% | 17% | 66% | 56% |
The novel sperm vitrification device [43] | 2018 | Ejaculate | 96% | 33% | NA | 59% |
Biological | Non-biological |
---|---|
Zona pellucida of different species | Polymerized alginic acid capsules |
Volvox globator algae | Hollow-core agarose capsules |
Hollow hyaluronan-phenolic hydroxyl microcapsules | |
Cryoloops | |
Culture dish | |
Cell Sleeper | |
Cryotop | |
Cryoleaf | |
Cryopiece | |
Closed slice | |
The novel sperm vitrification device |
Single-sperm cryopreservation within the empty ZP
Single-sperm cryopreservation within the Volvox globator sphere
Single-sperm cryopreservation within non-biological carriers such as empty ZP
Polymerized alginic acid capsules
Hollow-core agarose capsules
Hollow hyaluronan-phenolic hydroxyl microcapsules
Single-sperm cryopreservation within non-biological carriers (vitrification devices)
Non-biological carriers (Vitrification devices) | Cryoprotectants |
---|---|
Cryoloops | Test yolk buffer (TYB) with 12% v/v glycerol (Irvine Scientific, USA) [29]. With or without glycerol. Test-egg yolk-glycerol (TEYG) freezing medium (Scandinavian IVF Science, Gothenburg, Sweden) (glycerol concentration 12%); Standard medium (no cryoprotectant) [55]. A 50:50 mixture of HTF-HEPES with 6% plasmanate and the TYB–glycerol (Irvine Scientific, USA) cryoprotectant [30]. A 50:50 mixture of TYB–glycerol (Irvine Scientific, USA) and m-HTF medium supplemented with 6% Plasmanate [31]. |
Culture dish | A 50:50 mixture of IVF-20 medium (JCD, France) and sperm freezing medium (Medicult, Denmark) [33]. Sperm freezing medium (Medicult, Denmark) [34]. |
Cell Sleeper | A mixture of 0.7 mL SpermFreeze (FertiPro, Belguim) and 1.0 mL HFF99 (Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Japan) containing 20% serum substitute supplement (SSS) (Irvine Scientific, USA) [35]. SpermFreeze (FertiPro, Belgium) containing 20% SSS (Irvine Scientific, USA) [36]. A 50:50 mixture of SpermFreeze solution (Vitrolife, Goteborg, Sweden) and human serum albumin (HSA) supplemented (10 mg ml− 1, by manufacturer) Sydney IVF Gamete Buffer (Cook Medical) [37]. |
Cryotop | A mixture of 0.7 mL SpermFreeze (FertiPro, Belguim) and 1.0 mL HFF99 (Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Japan) containing 20% SSS (Irvine Scientific, USA) [35]. With or without glycerol. Two different cryoprotectants, sucrose (Sigma, USA) and SpermFreeze (FertiPro, Belguim) were tested. SpermFreeze includes both glycerol and sucrose. The sucrose-based freezing medium was 0.1 M sucrose in HFF99 (Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Japan) containing 20% SSS (Irvine Scientific, USA). SpermFreeze-based freezing medium was a mixture of SpermFreeze (0.7 mL) and HFF99 (1.0 mL) containing 20% SSS [38]. |
Cryoleaf | 12% (v/v) glycerol and 20% (v/v) egg yolk in 0.1 M citrate buffer (PH = 7.2) [39]. |
Cryopiece | Freezing medium used [40]. |
Closed slice | With or without cryoprotectant. A 50:50 mixture of commercial sperm cryoprotectant (Quinn’s Advantage SAGE, USA) and HEPES buffer with 10% HSA. The without cryoprotectant group used HEPES buffer with 10% HSA [41]. HEPES buffer with 10% HSA [42]. |
The novel sperm vitrification device | A 50:50 mixture of Quinn’s Advantage Sperm Freezing Medium (SAGE, USA) and Quinn’s Sperm Washing Medium [43]. |