nach oben

International Journal of Legal Medicine

Erschienen in:

01.05.2013 | Original Article

Determination of psilocin, bufotenine, LSD and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine by SPE-LC-MS/MS

verfasst von: Rafaela Martin, Jennifer Schürenkamp, Angela Gasse, Heidi Pfeiffer, Helga Köhler

Erschienen in: International Journal of Legal Medicine | Ausgabe 3/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

A validated method for the simultaneous determination of psilocin, bufotenine, lysergic acid diethylamide and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry was developed. During the solid-phase extraction procedure with polymeric mixed-mode cation exchange columns, the unstable analytes were protected by ascorbic acid, drying with nitrogen and exclusion of light. The limits of detection and quantitation for all analytes were low. Recovery was ≥86 % for all analytes and no significant matrix effects were observed. Interday and intraday imprecisions at different concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 8.2 % relative standard deviation, bias was within ±5.3 %. Processed samples were stable in the autosampler for at least 2 days. Furthermore, freeze/thaw and long-term stability were investigated. The method was successfully applied to authentic serum and urine samples.

Horita A, Weber LJ (1961) The enzymic dephosphorylation and oxidation of psilocybin and pscilocin by mammalian tissue homogenates. Biochem Pharmacol 7:47–54PubMedCrossRef

Hasler F, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R, Bär T, Vollenweider FX (1997) Determination of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma by HPLC-ECD and pharmacokinetic profiles of oral and intravenous psilocybin in man. Pharm Acta Helv 72:175–184PubMedCrossRef

Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H, Frey A, Ott H, Petrzilka T, Troxler F (1959) Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen. Helv Chim Acta 42:1557–1572CrossRef

Geschwinde T (2003) Rauschdrogen, Marktformen und Wirkungsweisen. Springer, BerlinCrossRef

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2006) EMCDDA Thematic Papers—Hallucinogenic mushrooms: an emerging trend case study. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_31215_EN_TP_Hallucinogenic_mushrooms.pdf. Accessed 13 Jul 2011

Grieshaber AF, Moore KA, Levine B (2001) The detection of psilocin in human urine. J Forensic Sci 46:627–630PubMed

Kamata T, Nishikawa M, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H (2003) Optimized glucuronide hydrolysis for the detection of psilocin in human urine samples. J Chromatogr B 796:421–427CrossRef

Kamata T, Nishikawa M, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H (2006) Direct detection of serum psilocin glucuronide by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS: time-courses of total and free (unconjugated) psilocin concentrations in serum specimens of a “magic mushroom” user. Forensic Toxicol 24:36–40CrossRef

Kärkkäinen J, Räisänen M, Huttunen MO, Kallio E, Naukkarinen H, Virkkunen M (1995) Urinary excretion of bufotenin (N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine) is increased in suspicious violent offenders: a confirmatory study. Psychiatry Res 58:145–152PubMedCrossRef

10.

Lyttle T, Goldstein D, Gartz J (1996) Bufo toads and bufotenine: fact and fiction surrounding an alleged psychedelic. J Psychoactive Drugs 28:267–290PubMedCrossRef

11.

Johansen SS, Jensen JL (2005) Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of LSD, ISO-LSD, and the main metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in forensic samples and application in a forensic case. J Chromatogr B 825:21–28CrossRef

12.

Reuschel SA, Eades D, Foltz RL (1999) Recent advances in chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for determination of LSD and its metabolites in physiological specimens. J Chromatogr B 733:145–159CrossRef

13.

Holzmann P (1995) Bestimmung von Psilocybin-Metaboliten im Humanplasma und -urin. Dissertation, Eberhard-Karls-Universität

14.

Skopp G, Pötsch L, Mattern R, Aderjan R (2002) Short-term stability of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N-desmethyl-LSD, and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in urine, assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 48:1615–1618PubMed

15.

Papac DI, Foltz RL (1990) Measurement of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human plasma by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 14:189–190PubMed

16.

Saito K, Toyo’oka T, Fukushima T, Kato M, Shirota O, Goda Y (2004) Determination of psilocin in magic mushrooms and rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorimetry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 527:149–156CrossRef

17.

Björnstad K, Beck O, Helander A (2009) A multi-component LC-MS/MS method for detection of ten plant-derived psychoactive substances in urine. J Chromatogr B 877:1162–1168CrossRef

18.

Sticht G, Käferstein H (2000) Detection of psilocin in body fluids. Forensic Sci Int 113:403–407PubMedCrossRef

19.

Bogusz MJ (2000) Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as a routine method in forensic sciences: a proof of maturity. J Chromatogr B 748:3–19CrossRef

20.

del Mar Ramirez Fernandez M, Laloup M, Wood M, De Boeck G, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Wallemacq P, Samyn N (2007) Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and metabolites, in urine. J Anal Toxicol 31:497–504PubMed

21.

Elian AA, Hackett J, Telepchak MJ (2011) Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in urine using SPE and LC-tandem mass spectrometry. LC-GC North America 29:854–859

22.

Sklerov JH, Magluilo J, Shannon KK, Smith ML (2000) Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of lysergide and a major metabolite, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, in urine and blood. J Anal Toxicol 24:543–549PubMed

23.

Bodin K, Svensson J (2001) Determination of LSD in urine with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 23:389–393PubMedCrossRef

24.

Canezin J, Cailleux A, Turcant A, Le Bouil A, Harry P, Allain P (2001) Determination of LSD and its metabolites in human biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 765:15–27CrossRef

25.

Favretto D, Frison G, Maietti S, Ferrara S (2007) LC-ESI-MS/MS on an ion trap for the determination of LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in blood, urine and vitreous humor. Int J Legal Med 121:259–265PubMedCrossRef

26.

Chung A, Hudson J, McKay G (2009) Validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for analyzing LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD, and O-H-LSD in blood and urine. J Anal Toxicol 33:253–259PubMed

27.

Horn CK, Klette KL, Stout PR (2003) LC-MS analysis of 2-oxo-3-hydroxy LSD from urine using a Speedisk positive-pressure processor with Cerex(r) PolyChrom(tm) CLIN II Columns. J Anal Toxicol 27:459–463PubMed

28.

Concheiro M, De Castro A, Quintela O, Cruz A, López-Rivadulla M (2007) Determination of illicit drugs and their metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry including relative ion intensity criterion. J Anal Toxicol 31:573–580PubMed

29.

Forsström J, Tuominen J, Kärkkäinen T (2001) Determination of potentially hallucinogenic N-dimethylated indoleamines in human urine by HPLC/ESI-MS-MS. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 61:547–556PubMedCrossRef

30.

Kärkkäinen J, Forsström T, Tornaeus J, Wähälä K, Kiuru P, Honkanen A, Stenman U, Turpeinen U, Hesso A (2005) Potentially hallucinogenic 5–hydroxytryptamine receptor ligands bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine in blood and tissues. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 65:189–199PubMedCrossRef

31.

Kostakis C, Byard RW (2009) Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad extract. Forensic Sci Int 188:e1–e5PubMedCrossRef

32.

Riceberg LJ, Vunakis HV (1978) Determination of N,N-dimethylindolealkylamines in plasma, blood and urine extracts by radioimmunoassay and high pressure liquid chromatography. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 206:158–166PubMed

33.

Peters F, Hartung M, Herbold M, Schmitt G, Daldrup T, Mußhoff F (2009) Anhang B zur Richtlinie der GTFCh zur Qualitätssicherung bei forensisch-toxikologischen Untersuchungen: Anforderungen an die Validierung von Analysenmethoden. Toxichem Krimtech 76:185–208

34.

Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H (2012) A validated method for quantitation of psilocin in plasma by LC-MS/MS and study of stability. Int J Legal Med 126:845–849PubMedCrossRef

35.

Hasler F, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R, Vollenweider FX (2002) Renal excretion profiles of psilocin following oral administration of psilocybin: a controlled study in man. J Pharm Biomed Anal 30:331–339PubMedCrossRef

36.

Räisänen MJ (1984) The presence of free and conjugated bufotenin in normal human urine. Life Sci 34:2041–2045PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Determination of psilocin, bufotenine, LSD and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine by SPE-LC-MS/MS
verfasst von: Rafaela Martin
Jennifer Schürenkamp
Angela Gasse
Heidi Pfeiffer
Helga Köhler
Publikationsdatum: 01.05.2013
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: International Journal of Legal Medicine / Ausgabe 3/2013
Print ISSN: 0937-9827
Elektronische ISSN: 1437-1596
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0796-1

Springer Medizin

Determination of psilocin, bufotenine, LSD and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine by SPE-LC-MS/MS

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Rechtsmedizin

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Personalisierte Medizin in der Onkologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2013

Skeletal age estimation based on medial clavicle—a test of the method reliability

Magnetic resonance imaging of the sternal extremity of the clavicle in forensic age estimation: towards more sound age estimates

First all-in-one diagnostic tool for DNA intelligence: genome-wide inference of biogeographic ancestry, appearance, relatedness, and sex with the Identitas v1 Forensic Chip

Ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair for detecting heavy drinking and/or abstinence: a meta-analysis

Medical malpractice and legal medicine

Child abuse inflicted by small children

Neu im Fachgebiet Rechtsmedizin

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Personalisierte Medizin in der Onkologie