Introduction
Methods
Study design and participants
Dietary assessment
Functional auditory capacity and hearing-related variables
Mortality
Other variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Quintiles of total fat intake, % energy | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 47,308) | Women (n = 58,284) | |||||||||
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
Participants, n | 9462 | 9462 | 9461 | 9462 | 9461 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,656 |
Age, y | 57.0 ± 8.1 | 57.2 ± 8.1 | 57.2 ± 8.1 | 56.7 ± 8.1 | 56.0 ± 8.3*** | 56.4 ± 7.8 | 56.3 ± 7.9 | 56.0 ± 8.0 | 55.9 ± 8.0 | 55.3 ± 8.1*** |
British, % | 84.9 | 87.9 | 88.9 | 90.0 | 88.4*** | 85.0 | 86.7 | 86.8 | 87.2 | 85.4*** |
Educational level ≤ primary, % | 11.1 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 10.5*** | 11.2 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 9.9*** |
Current smoker, % | 9.7 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 12.1*** | 6.6 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 9.3*** |
BMI, Kg/m2 | 27.6 ± 3.9 | 27.5 ± 4.0 | 27.5 ± 4.1 | 27.6 ± 4.2 | 27.9 ± 4.4*** | 26.7 ± 5.0 | 26.6 ± 4.9 | 26.5 ± 4.9 | 26.7 ± 5.1 | 27.1 ± 5.5*** |
Physical activity, METs-h/wk | 45.0 ± 44.5 | 44.2 ± 42.9 | 43.0 ± 42.7 | 41.8 ± 42.1 | 41.2 ± 42.2*** | 42.6 ± 38.3 | 41.4 ± 37.1 | 40.4 ± 36.9 | 38.8 ± 35.1 | 39.0 ± 36.5*** |
Loud music exposure, % | 17.5 | 17.8 | 17.1 | 18.4 | 20.4*** | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 11.1*** |
Noisy workplace, % | 32.4 | 32.2 | 32.2 | 32.2 | 33.2 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 10.1*** |
Tinnitus, % | 18.9 | 19.9 | 20.3 | 19.5 | 20.2 | 14.1 | 14.8 | 13.9 | 14.6 | 14.7 |
Aspirin consumption, % | 17.6 | 16.0 | 15.6 | 15.2 | 15.2*** | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.8 |
Ibuprofen consumption, % | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 12.6 | 12.8* | 17.4 | 17.2 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 18.8*** |
Poor cognitive performancea, % | 12.5 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 13.5** |
Hypercholesterolemia, % | 26.2 | 23.6 | 23.2 | 21.1 | 21.0*** | 13.0 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 10.8*** |
Vascular/heart problemsb, % | 35.6 | 33.7 | 32.6 | 31.4 | 31.1*** | 25.0 | 22.9 | 21.7 | 22.7 | 22.4*** |
Cancer, % | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 9.0 |
Diabetes, % | 6.5 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 7.6*** | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 4.0*** |
Dietary intake | ||||||||||
Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2055 ± 618 | 2232 ± 607 | 2310 ± 602 | 2391 ± 628 | 2432 ± 683*** | 1745 ± 522 | 1892 ± 492 | 1966 ± 493 | 2030 ± 507 | 2057 ± 561*** |
Total fat intake, % of energy | 22.6 ± 3.6 | 28.9 ± 1.2 | 32.5 ± 1.0 | 36.0 ± 1.1 | 41.9 ± 3.5** | 23.2 ± 3.6 | 29.4 ± 1.2 | 33.0 ± 1.0 | 36.5 ± 1.1 | 42.7 ± 3.8*** |
PUFA intake, % of energy | 4.1 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 1.9 | 6.6 ± 2.0 | 7.6 ± 2.4*** | 4.3 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 8.0 ± 2.6*** |
SFA intake, % of energy | 8.7 ± 2.3 | 11.2 ± 2.1 | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 14.0 ± 2.3 | 16.1 ± 3.1*** | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 11.3 ± 2.2 | 12.6 ± 2.2 | 13.9 ± 2.4 | 16.0 ± 3.2 |
MUFA intake, % of energy | 9.8 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 1.3 | 14.0 ± 1.3 | 15.5 ± 1.4 | 18.2 ± 2.3*** | 10.0 ± 2.0 | 12.7 ± 1.4 | 14.2 ± 1.4 | 15.8 ± 1.5 | 18.7 ± 2.6*** |
Protein intake, % of energy | 15.6 ± 4.1 | 15.6 ± 3.4 | 15.5 ± 3.3 | 15.4 ± 3.4 | 15.4 ± 3.7*** | 17.0 ± 4.3 | 16.6 ± 3.7 | 16.2 ± 3.5 | 15.9 ± 3.4 | 15.7 ± 4.0*** |
Carbohydrate intake, % of energy | 53.1 ± 10.4 | 50.3 ± 7.7 | 48.2 ± 6.9 | 46.1 ± 6.2 | 41.6 ± 6.7*** | 56.3 ± 8.8 | 51.7 ± 6.7 | 49.2 ± 6.0 | 46.5 ± 5.7 | 41.3 ± 6.7*** |
Alcohol intake, g/d | 33.5 ± 33.9 | 25.0 ± 26.0 | 21.3 ± 23.4 | 17.4 ± 20.5 | 12.4 ± 17.6*** | 15.3 ± 20.1 | 13.0 ± 16.8 | 11.6 ± 15.1 | 10.4 ± 13.9 | 7.8 ± 12.2*** |
Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
Total fat intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 9462 | 9462 | 9461 | 9462 | 9461 | |
Range, % energy | 1.6–26.7 | 26.8–30.7 | 30.8–34.1 | 34.2–37.9 | 38.0–68.6 | |
Person-yr | 36,053 | 37,404 | 37,557 | 37,400 | 36,815 | |
Cases, n | 151 | 184 | 196 | 159 | 142 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.82–1.26) | 1.07 (0.87–1.33) | 0.90 (0.72.1.12) | 0.89 (0.70–1.11) | 0.17 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) | 0.31 |
PUFA intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 9462 | 9462 | 9461 | 9462 | 9461 | |
Range, % energy | 0.8–3.9 | 4.0–5.1 | 5.2–6.2 | 6.3–7.6 | 7.7–18.7 | |
Person-yr | 35,766 | 37,610 | 37,642 | 37,612 | 36,599 | |
Cases, n | 130 | 179 | 180 | 198 | 145 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 1.07 (0.84–1.35) | 0.45 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | 1.24 (0.97–1.59) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 0.48 |
SFA intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 9462 | 9462 | 9461 | 9462 | 9461 | |
Range, % energy | 0.3–9.5 | 9.6–11.4 | 11.5–13.1 | 13.2–15.2 | 15.3–30.5 | |
Person-yr | 36,419 | 37,134 | 37,558 | 37,432 | 36,686 | |
Cases, n | 166 | 185 | 171 | 173 | 137 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | 0.81 (0.65–1.02) | 0.05 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | 0.23 |
MUFA intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 9462 | 9462 | 9461 | 9462 | 9461 | |
Range, % energy | 0.6–11.3 | 11.4–13.1 | 13.2–14.7 | 14.8–16.5 | 16.6–37.0 | |
Person-yr | 35,927 | 37,412 | 37,481 | 37,414 | 36,995 | |
Cases, n | 145 | 187 | 180 | 161 | 159 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | 0.48 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 1.01 (0.74–1.36) | 0.87 |
Women | ||||||
Total fat intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,656 | |
Range, % energy | 1.6–27.2 | 27.3–31.2 | 31.3–34.6 | 34.7–38.5 | 38.6–70.9 | |
Person-yr | 43,174 | 44,272 | 44,430 | 44,633 | 43,703 | |
Cases, n | 152 | 185 | 186 | 187 | 162 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 0.90 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 0.79 |
PUFA intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,656 | |
Range, % energy | 0.03–4.0 | 4.1–5.2 | 5.3–6.4 | 6.5–7.9 | 8.0–25.3 | |
Person-yr | 42,908 | 44,465 | 44,530 | 44,370 | 43,939 | |
Cases, n | 168 | 184 | 183 | 204 | 133 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.72–1.09) | 0.88 (0.71–1.08) | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.01 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 0.98 (0.77–1.23) | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) | 0.04 |
SFA intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,656 | |
Range, % energy | 0.1–9.6 | 9.7–11.5 | 11.6–13.2 | 13.3–15.2 | 15.3–33.8 | |
Person-yr | 42,963 | 44,328 | 44,530 | 44,532 | 43,859 | |
Cases, n | 127 | 201 | 187 | 182 | 175 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.07–1.67) | 1.23 (0.99–1.55) | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) | 0.17 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.36 (1.08–1.71) | 1.24 (0.97–1.58) | 1.19 (0.93–1.53) | 1.26 (0.96–1.65) | 0.36 |
MUFA intake | ||||||
Participants, n | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,657 | 11,656 | |
Range, % energy | 0.8–11.5 | 11.6–13.3 | 13.4–14.9 | 15.0–16.8 | 16.9–38.7 | |
Person-yr | 43,137 | 44,325 | 44,656 | 44,551 | 43,543 | |
Cases, n | 157 | 182 | 202 | 190 | 144 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.42 |
MV-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 1.09 (0.85–1.38) | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.91 (0.68–1.23) | 0.51 |