Introduction
Method
Data
Predictor variables
Medication category | Medicines |
---|---|
Medication for ADHD | Psychostimulants |
Agents used for ADHD | |
Nootropics | |
Contraception | Contraceptives |
Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system | |
Estrogens with progestogens | |
Medication for growth stimulation | Androgens |
Anterior pituitary lobe hormones | |
Hypothalamic hormones | |
Growth inhibitors as treatment for precocious puberty | Estrogens |
Other | All other medicines. |
Background variables
Dependent variable
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics
Logistic regression analyses
Adoptees not from China
Group | Variable |
Male
|
Female
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
| ||
Non-adopted | (n = 1,203,187) | (n = 1,146,661) | |||
Age in years at start (2006) | 6.501 | 3.424 | 6.504 | 3.425 | |
Age in years at end (2011) | 11.501 | 3.424 | 11.505 | 3.425 | |
Gross household income (2006)a
| 6.661 | 4.697 | 6.660 | 4.689 | |
Usage antidepressant in years | 0.013 | 0.183 | 0.012 | 0.166 | |
Usage medication ADHD in years | 0.246 | 0.971 | 0.069 | 0.488 | |
Usage contraception in years | – | – | 0.228 | 0.694 | |
Usage growth stimulators in years | 0.012 | 0.197 | 0.009 | 0.180 | |
Usage growth inhibitors in years | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.097 | |
Usage other medication in yearsb
| 2.811 | 1.894 | 2.890 | 1.841 | |
Chinese adoptees | (n = 457) | (n = 3990) | |||
Age in years at start (2006) | 5.123 | 2.645 | 5.390 | 2.749 | |
Age in years at end (2011) | 10.123 | 2.645 | 10.390 | 2.749 | |
Gross household income (2006)a
| 8.018 | 5.014 | 8.501 | 5.150 | |
Usage antidepressant in years | 0.026 | 0.218 | 0.005 | 0.084 | |
Usage medication ADHD in years | 0.256 | 0.933 | 0.042 | 0.338 | |
Usage contraception in years | – | – | 0.064 | 0.337 | |
Usage growth stimulators in years | 0.018 | 0.186 | 0.013 | 0.221 | |
Usage growth inhibitors in years | – | – | 0.003 | 0.052 | |
Usage other medication in yearsb
| 3.315 | 1.938 | 3.022 | 1.901 | |
Other adoptees | (n = 3387) | (n = 2768) | |||
Age in years at start (2006) | 7.051 | 3.073 | 7.207 | 2.995 | |
Age in years at end (2011) | 12.051 | 3.073 | 12.207 | 2.995 | |
Gross household income (2006)a
| 7.751 | 4.954 | 7.848 | 5.368 | |
Usage antidepressant in years | 0.027 | 0.258 | 0.032 | 0.304 | |
Usage medication ADHD in years | 0.593 | 1.488 | 0.227 | 0.911 | |
Usage contraception in years | – | – | 0.281 | 0.786 | |
Usage growth stimulators in years | 0.021 | 0.282 | 0.024 | 0.306 | |
Usage growth inhibitors in years | – | – | 0.004 | 0.060 | |
Usage other medication in yearsb
| 3.028 | 1.986 | 3.033 | 1.921 |
Effect | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) |
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) | |
Intercept | −6.021 | 0.019*** | 0.002 | −6.056 | 0.019*** | 0.002 | ||
Gender (ref. cat. = female) | 0.094 | 0.026*** | 1.098 | 0.052 | 0.098 | 0.026*** | 1.103 | 0.054 |
Antidepressants | 0.121 | 0.087 | 1.128 | 0.067 | 0.090 | 0.085 | 1.094 | 0.050 |
Medication ADHD | 0.296 | 0.021*** | 1.344 | 0.163 | 0.282 | 0.020*** | 1.326 | 0.155 |
Growth stimulators | 0.018 | 0.090 | 1.018 | 0.010 | 0.041 | 0.086 | 1.042 | 0.023 |
Growth inhibitors | −0.329 | 0.260 | 0.720 | −0.181 | −0.339 | 0.257 | 0.712 | −0.187 |
Other | 0.033 | 0.010** | 1.034 | 0.018 | 0.041 | 0.010** | 1.042 | 0.023 |
Antidepressants × gender | −0.059 | 0.116 | 0.943 | −0.033 | −0.041 | 0.113 | 0.960 | −0.023 |
Medication ADHD × gender | −0.081 | 0.023*** | 0.923 | −0.045 | −0.080 | 0.023*** | 0.923 | −0.044 |
Growth stimulators × gender | −0.017 | 0.120 | 0.983 | 0.009 | −0.041 | 0.115 | 0.960 | 0.023 |
Other × gender | 0.017 | 0.014 | 1.017 | 0.009 | 0.026 | 0.014 | 1.026 | 0.014 |
Age at start (2006) | 0.046 | 0.004 | 1.047 | 0.025 | ||||
Household income (2006) | 0.038 | 0.002 | 1.039 | 0.021 | ||||
Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.007 | Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.007 |
Adoptees from China
Gender | Effect | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) |
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) | ||
Male | Intercept | −6.106 | 0.033*** | 0.002 | −6.683 | 0.055*** | 0.001 | ||
Antidepressants | 0.062 | 0.077 | 1.064 | 0.034 | 0.052 | 0.075 | 1.053 | 0.029 | |
Medication ADHD | 0.215 | 0.011*** | 1.240 | 0.119 | 0.204 | 0.011*** | 1.226 | 0.112 | |
Growth stimulators | 0.001 | 0.079 | 1.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.077 | 0.999 | −0.001 | |
Other | 0.050 | 0.009*** | 1.052 | 0.028 | 0.066 | 0.009*** | 1.068 | 0.036 | |
Age at start (2006) | 0.039 | 0.005 | 1.040 | −0.022 | |||||
Gross household income (2006) | 0.038 | 0.003 | 1.039 | 0.021 | |||||
Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.007 | Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.012 | ||||||||
Female | Intercept | −6.168 | 0.037*** | 0.002 | −6.875 | 0.061*** | 0.001 | ||
Antidepressants | 0.097 | 0.090 | 1.102 | 0.053 | 0.120 | 0.082 | 1.128 | 0.066 | |
Medication ADHD | 0.294 | 0.021*** | 1.341 | 0.162 | 0.281 | 0.020*** | 1.324 | 0.155 | |
Growth stimulators | 0.005 | 0.093 | 1.005 | 0.003 | 0.066 | 0.086 | 1.068 | 0.036 | |
Growth inhibitors | −0.305 | 0.258 | 0.737 | −0.168 | −0.320 | 0.254 | 0.726 | −0.176 | |
Contraception | 0.046 | 0.026 | 1.048 | −0.025 | −0.078 | 0.029 | 0.925 | −0.043 | |
Other | 0.031 | 0.010** | 1.031 | 0.017 | 0.046 | 0.010** | 1.047 | 0.025 | |
Age at start (2006) | 0.017 | 0.061** | 1.063 | 0.009 | |||||
Gross household income (2006) | 0.038 | 0.003 | 1.039 | 0.021 | |||||
Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.005 | Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.011 |
Effect | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) |
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) | |
Intercept | −5.682 | 0.017 | 0.003 | −5.774 | 0.018 | 0.003 | ||
Gender (ref. cat. = Female) | −2.224 | 0.051*** | 0.108 | −1.226 | −2.234 | 0.051** | 0.107 | −1.232 |
Antidepressants |
−0.525
|
0.183**
|
0.592
|
−0.289
|
−0.404
|
0.176*
|
0.668
|
−0.223
|
Medication ADHD | −0.141 | 0.044** | 0.869 | −0.078 | −0.096 | 0.045 | 0.909 | −0.053 |
Growth stimulators | 0.203 | 0.067 | 1.225 | 0.112 | 0.211 | 0.069 | 1.235 | 0.116 |
Growth inhibitors |
−0.502
|
0.255*
|
0.605
|
−0.277
|
−0.540
|
0.259*
|
0.583
|
−0.298
|
Other | 0.042 | 0.009 | 1.042 | 0.023 | 0.046 | 0.009 | 1.047 | 0.025 |
Antidepressants × gender |
0.713
|
0.269**
|
2.041
|
0.393
|
0.661
|
0.273*
|
1.936
|
0.364
|
Medication ADHD × gender | 0.130 | 0.066 | 1.139 | 0.072 | 0.138 | 0.067 | 1.148 | 0.076 |
Growth stimulators × gender | −0.240 | 0.236 | 0.786 | 0.132 | −0.303 | 0.253 | 0.739 | 0.167 |
Other × gender | 0.096 | 0.026 | 1.101 | 0.053 | 0.079 | 0.026 | 1.082 | 0.044 |
Age at start (2006) | −0.100 | 0.005 | 0.905 | −0.055 | ||||
Gross household income (2006) | 0.054 | 0.002 | 1.055 | 0.030 | ||||
Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.070 | Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.070 |
Controlling for age at adoption within group of adoptees
Analyses with adolescents only
Gender | Effect | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) |
b
| SE | OR | Effect size (d) | ||
Male | Intercept | −8.297 | 0.094*** | 0.000 | −7.917 | 0.140*** | 0.000 | ||
Antidepressants | 0.188 | 0.198 | 1.207 | 0.104 | 0.266 | 0.211 | 1.305 | 0.147 | |
Medication ADHD | −0.011 | 0.049 | 0.990 | −0.006 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 1.051 | 0.028 | |
Growth stimulators | −0.037 | 0.226 | 0.963 | −0.020 | −0.098 | 0.248 | 0.906 | −0.054 | |
Other | 0.138 | 0.025*** | 1.147 | 0.076 | 0.118 | 0.025*** | 1.125 | 0.065 | |
Age at start (2006) | −0.117 | 0.015*** | 0.890 | −0.065 | |||||
Gross household income (2006) | 0.047 | 0.007*** | 1.048 | 0.026 | |||||
Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.004 | Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.017 | ||||||||
Female | Intercept | −5.736 | 0.030*** | 0.003 | −5.724 | 0.046*** | 0.003 | ||
Antidepressants | −0.163 | 0.172 | 0.849 | −0.090 | −0.144 | 0.172 | 0.866 | −0.079 | |
Medication ADHD | −0.119 | 0.044** | 0.888 | −0.066 | −0.090 | 0.044 | 0.914 | −0.050 | |
Growth stimulators | 0.211 | 0.065** | 1.235 | 0.116 | 0.216 | 0.067 | 1.241 | 0.119 | |
Growth inhibitors |
−0.503
|
0.256*
|
0.605
|
−0.277
|
−0.533
|
0.258*
|
0.587
|
−0.294
| |
Contraception |
−0.706
|
0.050***
|
0.494
|
−0.389
|
−0.483
|
0.051***
|
0.617
|
−0.266
| |
Other | 0.058 | 0.009*** | 1.060 | 0.032 | 0.057 | 0.009*** | 1.059 | 0.031 | |
Age at start (2006) | −0.074 | 0.005*** | 0.928 | −0.041 | |||||
Gross household income (2006) | 0.054 | 0.002 | 1.055 | 0.030 | |||||
Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.008 | Nagelkerke’s R
2 = 0.020 |