Introduction
Methods
Participants
Laboratory visits
Saliva collection
Blood sampling
Plasma cytokines, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol
Antigen-stimulated cytokine production
Lymphocyte subsets
Statistical analyses
Results
Plasma cytokines, ACTH and cortisol
PRE | POST | 2 h POST | |
---|---|---|---|
IL-1a (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 0.30 (0.17–0.42) | 0.25 (0.15–0.36) | 0.26 (0.17–0.36) |
Hypoxia | 0.29 (0.21–0.37) | 0.31 (0.22–0.41) | 0.37 (0.17–0.36) |
IL-6 (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) | 2.71 (2.11–3.49)#
| 1.10 (0.85–1.44)#,†
|
Hypoxia | 0.70 (0.55–0.88) | 2.53 (2.00–3.20)#
| 1.09 (0.83–1.41)#,†
|
IL-8 (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 2.26 (1.90–2.62) | 3.47 (2.90–4.04)#
| 2.71 (2.10–3.33)†
|
Hypoxia | 2.19 (1.84–2.55) | 3.31 (2.53–4.09)#
| 2.71 (2.01–3.40)†
|
IL-10 (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 1.50 (1.10–2.11) | 1.10 (0.89–1.35)†
|
Hypoxia | 0.69 (0.39–1.16) | 1.55 (1.12–2.21) | 1.10 (0.82–1.49)†
|
TNFα (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 2.44 (1.99–2.88) | 2.44 (2.09–2.80) | 2.24 (1.86–2.62) |
Hypoxia | 2.18 (1.88–2.48) | 2.27 (1.99–2.55) | 2.48 (1.98–2.48) |
EGF (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 11.3 (8.9–14.0) | 17.4 (12.1–23.8) | 17.9 (13.5–22.9) |
Hypoxia | 12.7 (8.9–17.2) | 16.3 (10.1–23.9) | 11.6 (7.2–16.9) |
VEGF (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 14.7 (12.2–17.8) | 11.5 (8.8–15.0)#
| 14.9 (11.5–19.3)†
|
Hypoxia | 13.3 (10.3–17.3) | 12.0 (9.0–16.0)#
| 14.1 (11.4–17.4)†
|
MCP1 (pg/ml) | |||
Normoxia | 107 (93–120) | 124 (111–137)#
| 105 (93–117)†
|
Hypoxia | 103 (92–113) | 121 (108–135)#
| 111 (94–127)†
|
Antigen-stimulated cytokine production
Salivary antimicrobial proteins
Lymphocyte subsets
Absolute (×109 cells/L) | Relativea (% total leukocytes/lymphocytes) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRE | POST | 2 h POST | PRE | POST | 2 h POST | ||
Lymphocytes | N | 1.54 ± 0.53 | 1.59 ± 0.51 | 1.30 ± 0.46
†
| 32 ± 9 | 23 ± 6
#
| 15 ± 7
#,†
|
H | 1.49 ± 0.47 | 1.75 ± 0.35 | 1.02 ± 0.27
†
| 32 ± 9 | 23 ± 6
#
| 12 ± 7
#,†
| |
T (CD3+) | N | 0.79 ± 0.28 | 0.74 ± 0.24 | 0.53 ± 0.16
†
| 52 ± 10 | 48 ± 13 | 43 ± 15 |
H | 0.75 ± 0.31 | 0.81 ± 0.31 | 0.52 ± 0.12
†
| 50 ± 13 | 46 ± 12 | 52 ± 14 | |
T helper (CD3+CD4+) | N | 0.46 ± 0.12 | 0.39 ± 0.10 | 0.32 ± 0.10
#,†
| 30 ± 5 | 26 ± 6 | 27 ± 11 |
H | 0.43 ± 0.15 | 0.39 ± 0.11 | 0.31 ± 0.06
#,†
| 29 ± 8 | 23 ± 7 | 32 ± 9 | |
T suppressor (CD3+CD8+) | N | 0.32 ± 0.18 | 0.32 ± 0.14 | 0.20 ± 0.08
†
| 20 ± 8 | 20 ± 8 | 16 ± 4 |
H | 0.30 ± 0.18 | 0.38 ± 0.22 | 0.20 ± 0.08
†
| 19 ± 8 | 21 ± 9 | 19 ± 7 | |
T regulatory (CD4+CD25+CD127−) | N | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.5 |
H | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.1 |