Background
Methods
Study population
Study design, intervention, and data-collection protocol
Instrument and definition of variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive results at baseline
variables | Total | % | Intervention |
χ
2 (degree of freedom | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P&NA Group | Leaflet Group | Control | |||||||
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
p value | |||
489 | 46 | 9.4 | 53 | 10.8 | 390 | 79.8 | |||
Age Group | |||||||||
≦50 | 96 | 19.6 | 3 | 6.5 | 10 | 18.9 | 83 | 21.3 |
χ
2
(df=4) = 8.27 |
51–64 | 119 | 24.3 | 9 | 19.6 | 12 | 22.6 | 98 | 25.1 |
p = 0.08 |
≧65 | 274 | 56.0 | 34 | 73.9 | 31 | 58.5 | 209 | 53.6 | |
Smoking related attributes | |||||||||
Smoking commence age | |||||||||
<20 | 121 | 26.0 | 14 | 33.3 | 12 | 23.1 | 95 | 25.7 |
χ
2
(df=4) = 3.52 |
20 | 156 | 33.5 | 15 | 35.7 | 14 | 26.9 | 127 | 34.3 |
p = 0.48 |
>20 | 188 | 40.4 | 14 | 33.3 | 26 | 50.0 | 148 | 40.0 | |
NK | 24 | 3 | 1 | 20 | |||||
Time for first cigarette at morning | |||||||||
<30 min | 286 | 60.7 | 29 | 64.4 | 34 | 68.0 | 223 | 59.3 |
χ
2
(df=2) = 1.69 |
≧30 min | 185 | 39.3 | 16 | 35.6 | 16 | 32.0 | 153 | 40.7 |
p = 0.43 |
NK | 18 | 1 | 3 | 14 | |||||
Smoking cessation advice from others | |||||||||
yes | 167 | 36.3 | 18 | 40.0 | 16 | 32.0 | 133 | 36.4 |
χ
2
(df=2) = 0.67 |
no | 293 | 63.7 | 27 | 60.0 | 34 | 68.0 | 232 | 63.6 |
p = 0.72 |
NK | 29 | 1 | 3 | 25 | |||||
Smoking cessation stage at baseline | |||||||||
Precontemplation (PC) | 285 | 61.0 | 33 | 73.3 | 34 | 66.7 | 218 | 58.8 |
χ
2
(df=4) = 5.96 |
Contemplation (C) | 156 | 33.4 | 9 | 20.0 | 16 | 31.4 | 131 | 35.3 |
p = 0.20 |
Preparation (P) | 26 | 5.6 | 3 | 6.7 | 1 | 2.0 | 22 | 5.9 | |
NK | 22 | 1 | 2 | 19 | |||||
Chronic disease at baseline | |||||||||
Diabetes history | 40 | 9.6 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 | 7.7 | 33 | 10.0 |
χ
2
(df=2) = 0.28(p = 0.87) |
Hypertension history | 67 | 15.8 | 9 | 10.6 | 3 | 5.8 | 55 | 16.4 |
χ
2
(df=2) = 4.39(p = 0.11) |
Changes in smoking cessation stage
Variables |
n
| % | Change of smoking cessation stage | Chi-Square test | Crude OR(95 % C.I.) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No changea
| Deteriorationb
| Improvementc
| Improvement / No Change | Deterioration / No Change | |||||||
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | ||||||
358 | 183 | 51.1 | 73 | 20.4 | 102 | 28.5 | |||||
Age group | |||||||||||
≦50 | 65 | 18.2 | 31 | 47.7 | 16 | 24.6 | 18 | 27.7 |
χ
2 = 1.58 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
51–64 | 90 | 25.1 | 46 | 51.1 | 20 | 22.2 | 24 | 26.7 |
p = 0.81 | 0.83 (0.37–1.88) | 0.67 (0.28–1.58) |
≧65 | 203 | 56.7 | 106 | 52.2 | 37 | 18.2 | 60 | 29.6 | 1.03 (0.51–2.07) | 0.65 (0.31–1.36) | |
Smoking-related factors | |||||||||||
Smoking commence age | |||||||||||
<20 | 92 | 26.6 | 49 | 53.3 | 19 | 20.7 | 24 | 26.1 |
χ
2 = 1.59 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20 | 121 | 35.0 | 62 | 51.2 | 21 | 17.4 | 38 | 31.4 |
p = 0.81 | 1.23 (0.64–2.36) | 0.72 (0.34–1.55) |
>20 | 133 | 38.4 | 67 | 50.4 | 30 | 22.6 | 36 | 27.1 | 1.10 (0.57–2.11) | 1.05 (0.52–2.12) | |
NK | 12 | 5 | 3 | 4 | |||||||
First cigarette in the morning | |||||||||||
<30 min | 210 | 60.9 | 102 | 48.6 | 43 | 20.5 | 65 | 31.0 |
χ
2 = 1.59 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≧30 min | 135 | 39.1 | 74 | 54.8 | 27 | 20.0 | 34 | 25.2 |
p = 0.45 | 0.71 (0.42–1.20) | 0.80 (0.44–1.46) |
NK | 13 | 7 | 3 | 3 | |||||||
Cessation advice from others | |||||||||||
no | 121 | 35.6 | 69 | 57.0 | 15 | 12.4 | 37 | 30.6 |
χ
2 = 6.49 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
yes | 219 | 64.4 | 105 | 47.9 | 52 | 23.7 | 62 | 28.3 |
p = 0.04 | 1.06 (0.63–1.79) | 2.19 (1.13–4.22) |
NK | 18 | 9 | 6 | ||||||||
Intervention group | |||||||||||
Control | 283 | 79.1 | 144 | 50.9 | 66 | 23.3 | 73 | 25.8 |
χ
2 = 11.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
PNA | 40 | 11.2 | 18 | 45.0 | 4 | 10.0 | 18 | 45.0 |
p = 0.02 | 2.27 (1.07–4.83) | 0.62 (0.20–1.95) |
Leaflet | 35 | 9.8 | 21 | 60.0 | 3 | 8.6 | 11 | 31.4 | 1.00 (0.44–2.26) | 0.35 (0.10–1.22) |
Variables | Change of smoking cessation stage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Improvementa / No changec
| Deteriorationb / No changec
| |||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
Cessation advice from others | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.05 | 0.62–1.78 | 2.21 | 1.14–4.29 |
Intervention group | ||||
Control | 1 | 1 | ||
PNA | 2.27 | 1.07–4.84 | 0.63 | 0.20–2.01 |
Leaflet | 0.99 | 0.44–2.25 | 0.33 | 0.09–1.15 |