Introduction
Methods
Recruitment, Eligibility, and Randomization
Delivery of the Intervention
Strategies to Encourage Retention
Treatment Fidelity
Outcome Measures
Statistical Analysis
Results
Characteristic | Treatment arm | p-Valuea | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinician-led (n = 145) | Peer-led (n = 146) | Overall (N = 291) | |||||
Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | ||
Age, mean (range) | 35 | 18–64 | 35 | 18–60 | 35 | 18–64 | 0.87 |
Traumatic events, mean (range)b | 7 | 0–13 | 7 | 1–14 | 7 | 0–14 | 0.14 |
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | 0.59 | ||||||
Female | 62 | 43 | 67 | 46 | 129 | 44 | |
Male | 83 | 57 | 79 | 54 | 162 | 56 | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.73 | ||||||
Hispanic | 121 | 83 | 124 | 85 | 245 | 84 | |
Non-Hispanic | 24 | 17 | 22 | 15 | 46 | 16 | |
Race, n (%) | 0.78 | ||||||
Caucasian | 90 | 62 | 86 | 59 | 176 | 60 | |
Native American | 16 | 11 | 17 | 12 | 33 | 11 | |
Asian | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
African American | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Multiracial or other | 38 | 26 | 39 | 27 | 77 | 26 | |
Employment, n (%) | 0.50 | ||||||
Unemployed | 116 | 80 | 112 | 77 | 228 | 78 | |
Employed | 29 | 20 | 34 | 23 | 63 | 22 | |
Education, n (%) | 0.14 | ||||||
4-year college or higher | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 4 | |
Some college | 32 | 22 | 42 | 29 | 74 | 25 | |
High school Graduate/GED | 59 | 41 | 41 | 28 | 100 | 34 | |
Some high school | 43 | 30 | 46 | 32 | 89 | 31 | |
8th grade or less | 5 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 16 | 5 | |
Living situation, n (%) | 0.65 | ||||||
Apartment or house | 78 | 54 | 89 | 61 | 167 | 57 | |
Halfway house/group home | 7 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 12 | 4 | |
Hospital or detox center | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |
Jail/prison | 12 | 8 | 14 | 10 | 26 | 9 | |
School or dorm | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Shelter/street | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 2 | |
Other | 41 | 28 | 35 | 24 | 76 | 26 | |
Diagnosis, n (%) | 0.50 | ||||||
PTSD only | 14 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 26 | 9 | |
Substance use disorder only | 34 | 23 | 43 | 29 | 77 | 26 | |
PTSD and substance use disorder | 97 | 67 | 91 | 62 | 188 | 65 |
Overall | Clinician led | Peer led | Clinician led | Peer led | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated mean score | SE | 95% CI | Estimated mean score | 95% CI | Estimated mean score | 95% CI | Change scoresa from initial | 95% CI | Change scoresa from initial | 95% CI | |
PCL total score | n = 145 | n = 146 | n = 145 | n = 146 | |||||||
Initial (n = 291) | 47.7 | 1.7 | 44.3–51.1 | 48.2 | 44.3–52.1 | 47.2 | 43.3–51.1 | – | – | – | – |
3 months (n = 188) | 44.3 | 1.8 | 40.8–47.8 | 44.7 | 40.5–48.8 | 43.9 | 39.7–48.1 | − 3.5 | − 10.8 to 4.8 | − 3.3 | − 7.0 to 0.4 |
6 months (n = 173) | 42.7 | 1.7 | 39.2–46.3 | 43.3 | 39.2–47.5 | 42.1 | 37.8–46.4 | − 4.9* | − 8.6 to − 1.1 | − 5.1* | − 9.0 to − 1.1 |
Overall | Clinician led | Peer led | Clinician led | Peer led | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated mean score | SE | 95% CI | Estimated mean score | 95% CI | Estimated mean score | 95% CI | Change scoresa from initial | 95% CI | Change scoresa from initial | 95% CI | |
Coping total score | n = 145 | n = 145 | n = 145 | n = 145 | |||||||
Initial (n = 290) | 46.1 | 1.6 | 42.9–49.3 | 46.5 | 42.8–50.2 | 45.7 | 41.9–49.4 | – | – | – | – |
3 months (n = 187) | 48.4 | 1.8 | 45.0–51.9 | 48.3 | 44.2–52.4 | 48.6 | 44.5–52.7 | 1.8 | − 3.0 to 6.6 | 2.9 | − 7.9 to 7.7 |
6 months (n = 173) | 51.6 | 1.8 | 48.1–55.2 | 52.1 | 47.9–56.2 | 51.2 | 46.8–55.5 | 5.6* | 0.8–10.4 | 5.5* | 0.4–10.6 |
Measure | Change scoresa (3 months—initial) | Change scoresa (6 months—initial) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference | SE | 95% CI | Difference | SE | 95% CI | |
PCL total score | 0.18 | 1.9 | − 3.4 –3.8 | − 0.24 | 1.9 | − 4.0 to 3.5 |
Coping total score | 1.1 | 2.4 | − 3.5 to 4.3 | − 0.07 | 24 | − 4.8 to 4.7 |