Introduction
Literature search and selection of studies
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Comparison of the DIT induced by FCCS and glucose. In this set of articles we included studies in which DIT was measured by indirect calorimetry after ingestion of a single meal containing isocaloric amounts of FCCS and glucose in subjects while on their usual diet. The studies were included only if BMR was measured for at least a 30-min period, and if post-prandial EE was measured for at least 3 hours following meal ingestion.
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Comparison of BMR after consumption of a low- and a high-FCCS-diet for 3 days or more.
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Comparison of post-prandial EE or 24-EE after consumption of a low- and a high-FCCS-diet for 3 days or more.
Comparison of DIT after ingestion of a single load of FCCS or glucose
Study | Test meals | Participants | DIT glucose | DIT fructose | (DIT fructose/DIT glucose) X 100 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(% energy content of the meal) | (% energy content of the meal) | |||||
Sharief et al., 1982 | 5 g sucrose or glucose/kg ideal body weight | 6 normal weight M mean age: not provided | 2.6 | 4.0 | 154 | NS |
Tappy et al., 1986 | 75 g pure fructose or glucose | 10 normal weight subjects (6M,4F) mean age: 27 y | 6.5 | 10.2 | 157 | <0.05 |
Simonson et al., 1988 | 75 g pure fructose or glucose | 9 normal weight subjects (5M, 4F) mean age: 25 y | 6.0 | 9.4 | 157 | NS |
Simonson et al., 1988 | 75 g pure fructose or glucose | 9 normal weight subjects (5M, 4F) mean age: 61 y | 3.4 | 10.3 | 303 | <0.05 |
Simonson et al., 1988 | 75 g pure fructose or glucose | 9 obese subjects (2M, 7F) mean age: 60 y | 2.6 | 8.6 | 331 | <0.05 |
Schwarz et al., 1989 | 75 g fructose or glucose in a test meal | 20 normal weight subjects (10M, 10F) mean age: 23 y (M); 23 y (F) | 10.7 | 12.4 | 116 | <0.01 |
Schwarz et al., 1992 | 75 g fructose or glucose added to a meal | 10 normal weight F and 13 overweight F mean age: 23 y (normal weight); 26 y (overweight) | 8.4 | 10.2 | 121 | <0.01 |
Martines et al., 1994 | 1g fructose or glucose/kg body weight | 6 normal weight M mean age: 35 y | 10.7 | 11.2 | 105 | NS |
Fukagawa et al., 1995 | 75 g pure fructose or glucose | 8 young, normal weight subjects (6M,2F) mean age: 21 y (M); 20 y (F) | 8.1 | 9.4 | 116 | NS |
Fukagawa et al., 1995 | 75 g pure fructose or glucose | 8 older, normal weight subjects (4M, 4F) mean age: 76 y (M); 71 y (F) | 6.5 | 7.7 | 118 | NS |
Blaak et al., 1996 | 75 g pure fructose or glucose | 10 young normal weight M mean age: 28 y | 8.0 | 11.1 | 139 | <0.017 |
Blaak et al., 1996 | 75 g pure sucrose or glucose | 10 young normal weight M mean age: 28 y | 8.0 | 11.4 | 143 | <0.017 |
Van Gaal et al., 1999 | 100 g pure fructose or glucose | 13 overweight F mean age: not provided | 4.5 | 6.8 | 152 | <0.006 |
Mean
|
6.6
|
9.4
|
162
| |||
(range)
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(2.6-10.7)
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(4–12.4)
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(105–157)
|
Mechanisms accounting for DIT
a) Energy efficiency of fructose
b) Energy cost of storing fructose’s energy within the body
c) Effect of fructose on the sympathetic nervous system
Effects of high-FCCS diets consumed during more than 3 days on BMR
Study | Dietary intervention | Participants | BMR before intervention | BMR after intervention | % change | P | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kcal/min) | (kcal/min) | HFCCS vs before | HFCSS vs high glucose diet | ||||
McDewitt et al., 2000 | 50% excess energy as fructose during 4 days | 8 normal weight F; mean age: 53 y | 0.96 | 0.98 | 2.60 | NS | NS |
McDewitt et al., 2000 | 50% excess energy as fructose during 4 days | 5 obese; mean age: 52 y | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.80 | NS | NS |
McDewitt et al., 2000 | 50% excess energy as sucrose during 4 days | 8 normal weight F mean age: 53 y | 0.96 | 0.96 | -0.02 | NS | NS |
McDewitt et al., 2000 | 50% excess energy as sucrose during 4 days | 5 obese F; mean age: 52 y | 1.06 | 1.06 | -0.16 | NS | NS |
McDewitt et al., 2000 | 50% excess energy as glucose during 4 days | 8 normal weight F; mean age: 53 y | 0.96 | 1.00 | 3.95 | NS | |
Le et al., 2006 | 1.5 g fructose/kg/day in excess energy requirements for 4 week | 7 normal weight M; mean age: 25 y | 1.02 | 0.98 | -3.92 | NS | |
Abdel-Sayed, 2008 | 3 g fructose/kg/day in excess of energy requirement during 7 days | 6 normal weight M; mean age: 25 y | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.00 | NS | |
Ngo-Sock et al., 2010 | 3 g fructose/kg/day in excess of energy requirement during 7 days | 11 normal weight M; mean age: 25 y | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.97 | NS | |
Ngo-Sock et al., 2010 | 3 g glucose/kg/day in excess of energy requirement during 7 days | 11 normal weight M; mean age: 25 y | 0.99 | 1.01 | 2.17 | NS | |
Lê et al., 2009 | 3 g fructose/day in excess energy requirements for 7 days | 8 normal weight M; mean age: 24 y | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.00 | NS | |
Lê et al., 2009 | 3 g fructose/day in excess energy requirements for 7 days | 16 normal weight M with family history of type 2 diabetes; mean age: 25 y | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.02 | NS | |
Cox et al., 2011 | 25% total energy as fructose, added to an ad-libitum diet during 8 weeks, then 25%, weight-maintenance diet for 5–14 days | 9 overweight M and 7 overweight F mean age: 52 y (M); 53 y (F) | 1.19 | 1.10 | -7.56 | <0.05 | NS |
Cox et al., 2011 | 25% total energy as glucose, added to an ad-libitum diet during 8 weeks, then 25%, weight-maintenance diet for 5–14 days | 9 overweight M and 7 overweight F mean age: 54 y (M); 56 y (F) | 1.17 | 1.15 | -1.71 | NS | |
Mean
| -0.02 | ||||||
SD
| 2.50 |
Long term effects of FCCS on DIT and on 24-hour energy expenditure
Study | Dietary intervention | Participants | Post-prandial energy expenditure (kcal/min) | % change | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | |||||
Cox et al., 2011 | 25% total energy as fructose, added to an ad-libitum diet during 8 weeks, then 25%, weight-maintenance diet for 5–14 days | 9 overweight M and 7 overweight females mean age: 52 y (M); 53 y (F) | 1.41 | 1.37 | -2.84 | NS |
Cox et al., 2011 | 25% total energy as glucose, added to an ad-libitum diet during 8 weeks, then 25%, weight-maintenance diet for 5–14 days | 9 overweight M and 7 overweight females mean age: 54 y (M); 56 y (F) | 1.40 | 1.36 | -2.86 | NS |
Theytaz et al., 2012 | 3.0 g fructose/kg/day in excess energy requirements for 7 days | 9 normal weight M mean age: 23 y | 0.98 | 1.06 | 8.16 | NS |
Egli et al., 2013 | weight-maintenance diet with 30% fructose for 4 days | 8 normal weight M mean age: 22 y | 0.93 | 0.96 | 3.23 | NS |