Introduction
Methods
Patients
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Clinical data
Follow-up data
Definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient
Characteristics | Higher bicarbonate (916) | Lower bicarbonate (557) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 72.7 ± 5.8 | 74.0 ± 6.4 | < 0.01* |
Sex | 0.111 | ||
Male Female | 563 (61.5%) 353 (38.5%) | 319 (57.3%) 238 (42.7%) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.4 ± 3.2 | 22.7 ± 3.4 | 0.076 |
Smoking | 329 (35.9%) | 209 (37.5%) | 0.535 |
Drinking | 268 (29.3%) | 167 (30.0%) | 0.768 |
Hypertension | 334 (36.5%) | 220 (39.5%) | 0.244 |
T2DM | 160 (17.5%) | 99 (17.8%) | 0.881 |
CHD | 69 (7.5%) | 61 (11.0%) | 0.025* |
Open surgery | 75 (8.2%) | 104 (18.7%) | < 0.01* |
Tumor location | < 0.01* | ||
Colon | 411 (44.9%) | 343 (61.6%) | |
Rectum | 505 (55.1%) | 214 (38.4%) | |
TNM stage | 0.508 | ||
I | 158 (17.2%) | 88 (15.8%) | |
II | 397 (43.3%) | 231 (41.5%) | |
III | 319 (34.8%) | 205 (36.8%) | |
IV | 42 (4.7%) | 33 (5.9%) | |
Tumor size | < 0.01* | ||
< 5 cm | 552 (60.3%) | 282 (50.6%) | |
≥ 5 cm | 364 (39.7%) | 275 (49.4%) | |
Operation time (min) | 216.3 ± 80.0 | 221.2 ± 85.9 | 0.260 |
Blood loss (mL) | 84.3 ± 123.6 | 103.0 ± 140.5 | < 0.01* |
Hospital stay (day) | 10.8 ± 9.4 | 11.4 ± 7.7 | 0.184 |
Retrieved lymph nodes | 15.5 ± 8.0 | 15.1 ± 6.4 | 0.260 |
Overall complications | 206 (22.5%) | 160 (28.7%) | < 0.01* |
Major complications | 23 (2.5%) | 22 (3.9%) | 0.120 |
30-day deaths | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (1.3%) | < 0.01* |
Comparison between the higher group and the lower group
Characteristics | Higher lactate (1315) | Lower lactate (158) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 73.2 ± 6.1 | 73.0 ± 6.0 | 0.575 |
Sex | < 0.01* | ||
Male Female | 806 (61.3%) 509 (38.7%) | 76 (48.1%) 82 (51.9%) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.6 ± 3.3 | 21.5 ± 3.2 | < 0.01* |
Smoking | 487 (37.0%) | 51 (32.3%) | 0.241 |
Drinking | 399 (30.3%) | 36 (22.8%) | 0.049* |
Hypertension | 495 (37.6%) | 59 (37.3%) | 0.941 |
T2DM | 243 (18.5%) | 16 (10.1%) | < 0.01* |
CHD | 119 (9.0%) | 11 (7.0%) | 0.382 |
Open surgery | 147 (11.2%) | 32 (20.3%) | < 0.01* |
Tumor location | 0.302 | ||
Colon | 667 (50.7%) | 87 (55.1%) | |
Rectum | 648 (49.3%) | 71 (44.9%) | |
TNM stage | 0.807 | ||
I | 222 (16.9%) | 24 (15.2%) | |
II | 555 (42.2%) | 73 (46.2%) | |
III | 471 (35.8%) | 53 (33.5%) | |
IV | 67 (5.1%) | 8 (5.1%) | |
Tumor size | 0.346 | ||
< 5 cm | 739 (56.2%) | 95 (60.1%) | |
≥ 5 cm | 576 (43.8%) | 63 (39.9%) | |
Operation time (min) | 218.0 ± 78.7 | 219.7 ± 108.0 | 0.798 |
Blood loss (mL) | 90.7 ± 130.4 | 96.5 ± 131.5 | 0.601 |
Hospital stay (day) | 10.9 ± 8.2 | 12.3 ± 12.5 | 0.054 |
Retrieved lymph nodes | 15.4 ± 7.6 | 15.4 ± 6.7 | 0.970 |
Overall complications | 317 (24.1%) | 49 (31.0%) | 0.058 |
Major complications | 37 (2.8%) | 8 (5.1%) | 0.137 |
30-day deaths | 7 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
Univariate and multivariate analysis
Risk factors | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Age, year | 1.035 (1.016–1.055) | < 0.01* | 1.027 (1.007–1.047) | < 0.01* | |
Sex (male/female) | 0.972 (0.764–1.238) | 0.820 | |||
BMI, Kg/m2 | 0.957 (0.922–0.992) | 0.018* | 0.961 (0.925–0.997) | 0.036* | |
Hypertension (yes/no) | 1.086 (0.852–1.384) | 0.506 | |||
T2DM (yes/no) | 1.450 (1.080–1.948) | 0.014* | 1.429 (1.050–1.944) | 0.023* | |
Tumor location (colon/ rectum) | 0.981 (0.774–1.242) | 0.871 | |||
Tumor stage (IV/III/II/I) | 1.183 (1.020–1.372) | 0.026* | 1.110 (0.953–1.294) | 0.179 | |
Smoking (yes/no) | 1.053 (0.825–1.345) | 0.677 | |||
Drinking (yes/no) | 0.914 (0.704–1.188) | 0.502 | |||
CHD (yes/no) | 1.086 (0.852–1.384) | 0.506 | |||
Tumor size (≥ 5/ <5), cm | 1.251 (0.987–1.586) | 0.064 | |||
Surgical methods (open/laparoscopic) | 2.486 (1.797–3.438) | < 0.01* | 2.124 (1.518–2.970) | < 0.01* | |
Bicarbonate (higher/lower) | 0.720 (0.566–0.915) | < 0.01* | 0.805 (0.627–1.033) | 0.089 | |
Lactate (higher/lower) | 0.707 (0.493–1.013) | 0.059 |
Risk factors | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Age (years) | 1.042 (1.021–1.063) | < 0.01* | 1.033 (1.013–1.054) | < 0.01* | |
Sex (female/male) | 0.861 (0.730–1.015) | 0.074 | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.974 (0.936–1.013) | 0.192 | |||
T2DM (yes/no) | 1.090 (0.775–1.534) | 0.619 | |||
Tumor site (colon/ rectum) | 1.510 (1.162–1.963) | < 0.01* | 1.403 (1.069–1.840) | 0.014* | |
Tumor stage (IV/III/II/I) | 2.250 (1.896–2.671) | < 0.01* | 2.202 (1.848–2.625) | < 0.01* | |
Smoking (yes/no) | 1.061 (0.813–1.385) | 0.662 | |||
Drinking (yes/no) | 0.971 (0.728–1.295) | 0.840 | |||
Hypertension (yes/no) | 0.837 (0.637–1.099) | 0.201 | |||
CHD (yes/no) | 0.969 (0.939–1.957) | 0.890 | |||
Tumor size (≥ 5 cm/<5 cm) | 1.690 (1.303–2.192) | < 0.01* | 1.327 (1.018–1.730) | 0.036* | |
Bicarbonate (higher/lower) | 0.636 (0.491–0.823) | < 0.01* | 0.769 (0.590–1.002) | 0.052 | |
Lactate (higher/lower) | 1.818 (1.136–2.911) | 0.013* | 1.981 (1.230–3.191) | < 0.01* | |
Overall complications (yes/no) | 1.804 (1.383–2.352) | < 0.01* | 1.656 (1.266–2.167) | < 0.01* |
Risk factors | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Age (years) | 1.032 (1.013–1.051) | < 0.01* | 1.024 (1.005–1.042) | 0.012* | |
Sex (female/male) | 0.876 (0.689–1.113) | 0.277 | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.979 (0.945–1.014) | 0.243 | |||
T2DM (yes/no) | 0.997 (0.727–1.368) | 0.986 | |||
Tumor site (colon/ rectum) | 1.402 (1.107–1.775) | < 0.01* | 1.341 (1.050–1.712) | 0.019* | |
Tumor stage (IV/III/II/I) | 2.129 (1.825–2.485) | < 0.01* | 2.094 (1.788–2.452) | < 0.01* | |
Smoking (yes/no) | 1.050 (0.825–1.338) | 0.691 | |||
Drinking (yes/no) | 0.968 (0.746–1.257) | 0.809 | |||
Hypertension (yes/no) | 0.867 (0.678–1.108) | 0.253 | |||
CHD (yes/no) | 1.001 (0.669–1.499) | 0.995 | |||
Tumor size (≥ 5 cm/<5 cm) | 1.506 (1.192–1.903) | < 0.01* | 1.206 (0.950–1.531) | 0.125 | |
Bicarbonate (higher/lower) | 0.723 (0.572–0.914) | < 0.01* | 0.859 (0.676–1.092) | 0.215 | |
Lactate (higher/lower) | 1.886 (1.219–2.919) | < 0.01* | 2.020 (1.230–3.191) | < 0.01* | |
Overall complications (yes/no) | 1.584 (1.240–2.024) | < 0.01* | 1.484 (1.158–1.902) | < 0.01* |