Introduction
Cue reactivity
Cue exposure therapy
Virtual reality-based cue exposure therapy
Methods
Preliminary survey and construction of cues and scene
Preliminary survey of cues and scene
Construction of the VR cue exposure scene
Actor selection
Site selection
Plot design
Instrument
Validity of the VR cue exposure scene
Participants
Sample size
Recruit participants
Research technique
Measurement tools
Procedure
Statistical method
Results
General information
Comparison of VAS and physiological indicators before and after cue exposure before treatment
Comparison of the changes in VAS and physiological indicators before and after cue exposure between the two groups before treatment
Study Group (n = 23) | Control group (n = 21) | t/Z | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS (points) | Before exposure | 3.00 (0, 5.00) | 2.00 (0, 3.00) | ||
After exposure | 6.00 (2.00, 8.00)* | 4.00 (2.00, 6.25)* | |||
d (After-Before) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 2.00 (2.00, 3.25) | -0.827 | 0.408 | |
Heart rate (beats/min) | Before exposure | 83.41 ± 14.34 | 83.90 ± 9.32 | ||
After exposure | 88.05 ± 13.01* | 87.25 ± 10.43* | |||
d (After-Before) | 4.64 ± 3.54 | 3.36 ± 2.58 | 1.369 | 0.178 | |
Skin conductance (µΩ) | Before exposure | 2.70 (1.23, 6.17) | 2.58 (1.46, 6.37) | ||
After exposure | 3.21 (1.40, 7.20)* | 2.96 (1.46, 6.82) | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.18 (0, 0.47) | 0.06 (-0.06, 0.34) | -1.070 | 0.285 | |
Respiration (times/min) | Before exposure | 19.66 ± 2.81 | 20.46 ± 3.06 | ||
After exposure | 20.33 ± 2.75* | 21.01 ± 2.96* | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.67 ± 1.33 | 0.55 ± 1.09 | 0.328 | 0.744 |
Comparison of the changes in VAS and physiological indicators before and after cue exposure between the two groups after treatment
Study Group (n = 23) | Control group (n = 21) | t/Z | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS (points) | Before exposure | 0 (0, 2.00) | 2.00 (0, 3.00) | ||
After exposure | 2.00 (0, 4.00)* | 4.00 (2.00, 5.50)* | |||
d (After-Before) | 1.00 (0, 2.00) | 2.00 (2.00, 3.00) | -2.486 | 0.013 | |
Heart rate (beats/min) | Before exposure | 89.58 ± 13.89 | 86.25 ± 10.39 | ||
After exposure | 91.15 ± 12.89* | 89.34 ± 10.35* | |||
d (After-Before) | 1.57 ± 1.91 | 3.08 ± 2.78 | -2.117 | 0.040 | |
Skin conductance (µΩ) | Before exposure | 1.52 (0.82, 2.32) | 1.46 (0.80, 2.78) | ||
After exposure | 1.79 (1.02, 2.44)* | 1.83 (1.20, 2.98) | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.10 (0, 0.25) | 0.05 (-0.07, 0.25) | -0.717 | 0.473 | |
Respiration (times/min) | Before exposure | 20.25 ± 3.31 | 20.01 ± 2.22 | ||
After exposure | 20.96 ± 3.37* | 20.55 ± 2.09 | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.71 ± 1.20 | 0.54 ± 1.02 | 0.452 | 0.653 |
Comparison of the changes in VAS and physiological indicators before and after cue exposure in the study group before and after treatment
Before treatment | After treatment | t/Z | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS (points) | Before exposure | 3.00(0, 5.00) | 0 (0, 2.00) | ||
After exposure | 6.00 (2.00, 8.00)* | 2.00 (0, 4.00)* | |||
d (After-Before) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 1.00 (0, 2.00) | -3.304 | 0.001 | |
Heart rate (beats/min) | Before exposure | 83.41 ± 14.34 | 89.58 ± 13.89 | ||
After exposure | 88.05 ± 13.01* | 91.15 ± 12.89* | |||
d (After-Before) | 4.64 ± 3.54 | 1.57 ± 1.91 | -4.380 | < 0.001 | |
Skin conductance (µΩ) | Before exposure | 2.70 (1.23, 6.17) | 1.52 (0.82, 2.32) | ||
After exposure | 3.21 (1.40, 7.20)* | 1.79 (1.02, 2.44)* | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.18 (0, 0.47) | 0.10 (0, 0.25) | -1.088 | 0.277 | |
Respiration rate (times/min) | Before exposure | 19.66 ± 2.81 | 20.25 ± 3.31 | ||
After exposure | 20.33 ± 2.75* | 20.96 ± 3.37* | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.67 ± 1.33 | 0.71 ± 1.20 | 0.084 | 0.934 |
Comparison of the changes in VAS and physiological indicators before and after cue exposure in the control group before and after treatment
Before treatment | After treatment | t/Z | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS (points) | Before exposure | 2.00 (0, 3.00) | 2.00 (0, 3.00) | ||
After exposure | 4.00 (2.00, 6.25)* | 4.00 (2.00, 5.50)* | |||
d (After-Before) | 2.00 (2.00, 3.25) | 2.00 (2.00, 3.00) | -0.574 | 0.566 | |
Heart rate (beats/min) | Before exposure | 83.90 ± 9.32 | 86.25 ± 10.39 | ||
After exposure | 87.25 ± 10.43* | 89.34 ± 10.35* | |||
d (After-Before) | 3.36 ± 2.58 | 3.08 ± 2.78 | -0.277 | 0.784 | |
Skin conductance (µΩ) | Before exposure | 2.58 (1.46, 6.37) | 1.46 (0.80, 2.78) | ||
After exposure | 2.96 (1.46, 6.82) | 1.83 (1.20, 2.98) | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.06 (-0.06, 0.34) | 0.05 (-0.07, 0.25) | -0.365 | 0.715 | |
Respiration rate (times/min) | Before exposure | 20.46 ± 3.06 | 20.01 ± 2.22 | ||
After exposure | 21.01 ± 2.96* | 20.55 ± 2.09 | |||
d (After-Before) | 0.55 ± 1.09 | 0.54 ± 1.02 | -0.025 | 0.980 |