Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports 4/2013

01.08.2013 | Microvascular Complications-Nephropathy (B Roshan, Section Editor)

Emerging Roles for miRNAs in the Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy

verfasst von: Johanna K. DiStefano, Matthew Taila, M. Lucrecia Alvarez

Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports | Ausgabe 4/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Although the causes of diabetic nephropathy are not yet fully known, emerging evidence suggests a role for epigenetic factors in the development of the disease. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) are becoming recognized as important mediators of biological processes relevant to diabetic nephropathy. Until recently, investigations of miRNAs in the development of diabetic nephropathy have remained relatively limited; however, the number of reports identifying potential new candidates and mechanisms of impact is presently expanding at a rapid pace. This review seeks to summarize these recent findings, focusing on new candidates and/or novel mechanisms, including the intersection between genetic variation and miRNA function in modulating disease expression, emerging in the field. We also review the latest advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:311–21.PubMedCrossRef Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:311–21.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones CA, Krolewski A, Rogus J, Xue JL, Collins A, Warram JH. Epidemic of end-stage renal disease in people with diabetes in the United States population: do we know the cause? Kidney Int. 2005;67:1684–91.PubMedCrossRef Jones CA, Krolewski A, Rogus J, Xue JL, Collins A, Warram JH. Epidemic of end-stage renal disease in people with diabetes in the United States population: do we know the cause? Kidney Int. 2005;67:1684–91.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Gray SP, Cooper ME. Diabetic nephropathy in 2010: alleviating the burden of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:71–3.PubMedCrossRef Gray SP, Cooper ME. Diabetic nephropathy in 2010: alleviating the burden of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:71–3.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayden PS, Iyengar SK, Schelling JR, Sedor JR. Kidney disease, genotype and the pathogenesis of vasculopathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2003;12:71–8.PubMedCrossRef Hayden PS, Iyengar SK, Schelling JR, Sedor JR. Kidney disease, genotype and the pathogenesis of vasculopathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2003;12:71–8.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the Steno type 2 randomized study. Lancet. 1999;353:617–22.PubMedCrossRef Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the Steno type 2 randomized study. Lancet. 1999;353:617–22.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456–62.PubMedCrossRef Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456–62.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson RG, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Bennett PH. Incidence and determinants of elevated urinary albumin excretion in Pima Indians with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:182–7.PubMedCrossRef Nelson RG, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Bennett PH. Incidence and determinants of elevated urinary albumin excretion in Pima Indians with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:182–7.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH, Nelson RG, Knowler WC. Familial predisposition to renal disease in two generations of Pima Indians with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1990;33:438–43.PubMedCrossRef Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH, Nelson RG, Knowler WC. Familial predisposition to renal disease in two generations of Pima Indians with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1990;33:438–43.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Quinn M, Angelico MC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Familial factors determine the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with IDDM. Diabetologia. 1996;39:940–5.PubMedCrossRef Quinn M, Angelico MC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Familial factors determine the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with IDDM. Diabetologia. 1996;39:940–5.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ravid M, Brosh D, Ravid-Safran D, Levy Z, Rachmani R. Main risk factors for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus are plasma cholesterol levels, mean blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:998–1004.PubMedCrossRef Ravid M, Brosh D, Ravid-Safran D, Levy Z, Rachmani R. Main risk factors for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus are plasma cholesterol levels, mean blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:998–1004.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Seaquist ER, Goetz FC, Rich S, Barbosa J. Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease. Evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1161–5.PubMedCrossRef Seaquist ER, Goetz FC, Rich S, Barbosa J. Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease. Evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1161–5.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Craig DW, Millis MP, DiStefano JK. Genome-wide SNP genotyping study using pooled DNA to identify candidate markers mediating susceptibility to end-stage renal disease attributed to type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26:1090–8.PubMedCrossRef Craig DW, Millis MP, DiStefano JK. Genome-wide SNP genotyping study using pooled DNA to identify candidate markers mediating susceptibility to end-stage renal disease attributed to type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26:1090–8.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanson RL, Craig DW, Millis MP, Yeatts KA, Kobes S, Pearson JV, et al. Identification of PVT1 as a candidate gene for end-stage renal disease in Type 2 Diabetes using a pooling-based genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism association study. Diabetes. 2007;56:975–83.PubMedCrossRef Hanson RL, Craig DW, Millis MP, Yeatts KA, Kobes S, Pearson JV, et al. Identification of PVT1 as a candidate gene for end-stage renal disease in Type 2 Diabetes using a pooling-based genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism association study. Diabetes. 2007;56:975–83.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat McDonough CW, Palmer ND, Hicks PJ, Roh BH, An SS, Cooke JN, et al. A genome-wide association study for diabetic nephropathy genes in African Americans. Kidney Int. 2011;79:563–72.PubMedCrossRef McDonough CW, Palmer ND, Hicks PJ, Roh BH, An SS, Cooke JN, et al. A genome-wide association study for diabetic nephropathy genes in African Americans. Kidney Int. 2011;79:563–72.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat McKnight AJ, Maxwell AP, Sawcer S, Compston A, Setakis E, Patterson CC, et al. A genome-wide DNA microsatellite association screen to identify chromosomal regions harboring candidate genes in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:831–6.PubMedCrossRef McKnight AJ, Maxwell AP, Sawcer S, Compston A, Setakis E, Patterson CC, et al. A genome-wide DNA microsatellite association screen to identify chromosomal regions harboring candidate genes in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:831–6.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Pezzolesi MG, Poznik GD, Mychaleckyj JC, Paterson AD, Barati MT, Klein JB, et al. Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009;58:1403–10.PubMedCrossRef Pezzolesi MG, Poznik GD, Mychaleckyj JC, Paterson AD, Barati MT, Klein JB, et al. Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009;58:1403–10.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandholm N, Salem RM, McKnight AJ, Brennan EP, Forsblom C, Isakova T, et al. New susceptibility loci associated with kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002921.PubMedCrossRef Sandholm N, Salem RM, McKnight AJ, Brennan EP, Forsblom C, Isakova T, et al. New susceptibility loci associated with kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002921.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Fabian MR, Cieplak MK, Frank F, Morita M, Green J, Srikumar T, et al. miRNA-mediated deadenylation is orchestrated by GW182 through two conserved motifs that interact with CCR4-NOT. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011;18:1211–7.PubMedCrossRef Fabian MR, Cieplak MK, Frank F, Morita M, Green J, Srikumar T, et al. miRNA-mediated deadenylation is orchestrated by GW182 through two conserved motifs that interact with CCR4-NOT. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011;18:1211–7.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Huntzinger E, Izaurralde E. Gene silencing by microRNAs: contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12:99–110.PubMedCrossRef Huntzinger E, Izaurralde E. Gene silencing by microRNAs: contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12:99–110.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Natarajan R, Putta S, Kato M. MicroRNAs and diabetic complications. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5:413–22.PubMedCrossRef Natarajan R, Putta S, Kato M. MicroRNAs and diabetic complications. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5:413–22.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang X, Tang G, Ozcan S. Role of microRNAs in diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1779:697–701.PubMedCrossRef Tang X, Tang G, Ozcan S. Role of microRNAs in diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1779:697–701.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun Y, Koo S, White N, Peralta E, Esau C, Dean NM, et al. Development of a micro-array to detect human and mouse microRNAs and characterization of expression in human organs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:e188.PubMedCrossRef Sun Y, Koo S, White N, Peralta E, Esau C, Dean NM, et al. Development of a micro-array to detect human and mouse microRNAs and characterization of expression in human organs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:e188.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato M, Arce L, Wang M, Putta S, Lanting L, Natarajan R. A microRNA circuit mediates transforming growth factor-β1 autoregulation in renal glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 2011;80:358–68.PubMedCrossRef Kato M, Arce L, Wang M, Putta S, Lanting L, Natarajan R. A microRNA circuit mediates transforming growth factor-β1 autoregulation in renal glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 2011;80:358–68.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato M, Putta S, Wang M, Yuan H, Lanting L, Nair I, et al. TGF-β activates Akt kinase through a microRNA-dependent amplifying circuit targeting PTEN. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11:881–9.PubMedCrossRef Kato M, Putta S, Wang M, Yuan H, Lanting L, Nair I, et al. TGF-β activates Akt kinase through a microRNA-dependent amplifying circuit targeting PTEN. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11:881–9.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato M, Wang L, Putta S, Wang M, Yuan H, Sun G, et al. Post-transcriptional up-regulation of Tsc-22 by Ybx1, a target of miR-216a, mediates TGF-β-induced collagen expression in kidney cells. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:34004–15.PubMedCrossRef Kato M, Wang L, Putta S, Wang M, Yuan H, Sun G, et al. Post-transcriptional up-regulation of Tsc-22 by Ybx1, a target of miR-216a, mediates TGF-β-induced collagen expression in kidney cells. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:34004–15.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato M, Zhang J, Wang M, Lanting L, Yuan H, Rossi JJ, et al. MicroRNA-192 in diabetic kidney glomeruli and its function in TGF-β-induced collagen expression via inhibition of E-box repressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:3432–7.PubMedCrossRef Kato M, Zhang J, Wang M, Lanting L, Yuan H, Rossi JJ, et al. MicroRNA-192 in diabetic kidney glomeruli and its function in TGF-β-induced collagen expression via inhibition of E-box repressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:3432–7.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Long J, Wang Y, Wang W, Chang BH, Danesh FR. MicroRNA-29c is a signature microRNA under high glucose conditions that targets Sprouty homolog 1, and its in vivo knockdown prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:11837–48.PubMedCrossRef Long J, Wang Y, Wang W, Chang BH, Danesh FR. MicroRNA-29c is a signature microRNA under high glucose conditions that targets Sprouty homolog 1, and its in vivo knockdown prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:11837–48.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez ML, DiStefano JK. The role of non-coding RNAs in diabetic nephropathy: potential applications as biomarkers for disease development and progression. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:1–11.PubMedCrossRef Alvarez ML, DiStefano JK. The role of non-coding RNAs in diabetic nephropathy: potential applications as biomarkers for disease development and progression. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:1–11.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato M, Park JT, Natarajan R. MicroRNAs and the glomerulus. Exp Cell Res. 2012;318:993–1000.PubMedCrossRef Kato M, Park JT, Natarajan R. MicroRNAs and the glomerulus. Exp Cell Res. 2012;318:993–1000.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat • Zhang Z, Luo X, Ding S, Chen J, Chen T, Chen X, et al. MicroRNA-451 regulates p38 MAPK signaling by targeting of Ywhaz and suppresses the mesangial hypertrophy in early diabetic nephropathy. FEBS Lett. 2012;586:20–6. This article provides important evidence for the role of a new miRNA player in early diabetic nephropathy..PubMedCrossRef • Zhang Z, Luo X, Ding S, Chen J, Chen T, Chen X, et al. MicroRNA-451 regulates p38 MAPK signaling by targeting of Ywhaz and suppresses the mesangial hypertrophy in early diabetic nephropathy. FEBS Lett. 2012;586:20–6. This article provides important evidence for the role of a new miRNA player in early diabetic nephropathy..PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuenda A, Rousseau S. p38 MAP-kinases pathway regulation, function and role in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1773:1358–75.PubMedCrossRef Cuenda A, Rousseau S. p38 MAP-kinases pathway regulation, function and role in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1773:1358–75.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Zarubin T, Han J. Activation and signaling of the p38 MAP kinase pathway. Cell Res. 2005;15:11–8.PubMedCrossRef Zarubin T, Han J. Activation and signaling of the p38 MAP kinase pathway. Cell Res. 2005;15:11–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang SW, Adler SG, Lapage J, Natarajan R. p38 MAPK and MAPK kinase 3/6 mRNA and activities are increased in early diabetic glomeruli. Kidney Int. 2001;60:543–52.PubMedCrossRef Kang SW, Adler SG, Lapage J, Natarajan R. p38 MAPK and MAPK kinase 3/6 mRNA and activities are increased in early diabetic glomeruli. Kidney Int. 2001;60:543–52.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen YQ, Wang XX, Yao XM, Zhang DL, Yang XF, Tian SF, et al. MicroRNA-195 promotes apoptosis in mouse podocytes via enhanced caspase activity driven by BCL2 insufficiency. Am J Nephrol. 2011;34:549–59.PubMedCrossRef Chen YQ, Wang XX, Yao XM, Zhang DL, Yang XF, Tian SF, et al. MicroRNA-195 promotes apoptosis in mouse podocytes via enhanced caspase activity driven by BCL2 insufficiency. Am J Nephrol. 2011;34:549–59.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Stitt-Cavanagh E, MacLeod L, Kennedy C. The podocyte in diabetic kidney disease. SciWorld J. 2009;9:1127–39. Stitt-Cavanagh E, MacLeod L, Kennedy C. The podocyte in diabetic kidney disease. SciWorld J. 2009;9:1127–39.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen YQ, Wang XX, Yao XM, Zhang DL, Yang XF, Tian SF, et al. Abated microRNA-195 expression protected mesangial cells from apoptosis in early diabetic renal injury in mice. J Nephrol. 2012;25:566–76.PubMedCrossRef Chen YQ, Wang XX, Yao XM, Zhang DL, Yang XF, Tian SF, et al. Abated microRNA-195 expression protected mesangial cells from apoptosis in early diabetic renal injury in mice. J Nephrol. 2012;25:566–76.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf G. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic mesangial cell hypertrophy: a proliferation of novel factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2611–3.PubMed Wolf G. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic mesangial cell hypertrophy: a proliferation of novel factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2611–3.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Putta S, Lanting L, Sun G, Lawson G, Kato M, Natarajan R. Inhibiting microRNA-192 ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:458–69. This article demonstrates that LNA anti-miR-192 not only diminished kidney fibrosis but also decreased proteinuria in diabetic mice..PubMedCrossRef •• Putta S, Lanting L, Sun G, Lawson G, Kato M, Natarajan R. Inhibiting microRNA-192 ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:458–69. This article demonstrates that LNA anti-miR-192 not only diminished kidney fibrosis but also decreased proteinuria in diabetic mice..PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang B, Komers R, Carew R, Winbanks CE, Xu B, Herman-Edelstein M, et al. Suppression of microRNA-29 expression by TGF-β1 promotes collagen expression and renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:252–65.PubMedCrossRef Wang B, Komers R, Carew R, Winbanks CE, Xu B, Herman-Edelstein M, et al. Suppression of microRNA-29 expression by TGF-β1 promotes collagen expression and renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:252–65.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Du B, Ma LM, Huang MB, Zhou H, Huang HL, Shao P, et al. High glucose down-regulates miR-29a to increase collagen IV production in HK-2 cells. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:811–6.PubMedCrossRef Du B, Ma LM, Huang MB, Zhou H, Huang HL, Shao P, et al. High glucose down-regulates miR-29a to increase collagen IV production in HK-2 cells. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:811–6.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauersachs J. miR-21: a central regulator of fibrosis not only in the broken heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2012;96:227–9.PubMedCrossRef Bauersachs J. miR-21: a central regulator of fibrosis not only in the broken heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2012;96:227–9.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu G, Friggeri A, Yang Y, Milosevic J, Ding Q, Thannickal VJ, et al. miR-21 mediates fibrogenic activation of pulmonary fibroblasts and lung fibrosis. J Exp Med. 2010;207:1589–97.PubMedCrossRef Liu G, Friggeri A, Yang Y, Milosevic J, Ding Q, Thannickal VJ, et al. miR-21 mediates fibrogenic activation of pulmonary fibroblasts and lung fibrosis. J Exp Med. 2010;207:1589–97.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat • Dey N, Das F, Mariappan MM, Mandal CC, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Kasinath BS, et al. MicroRNA-21 orchestrates high glucose-induced signals to TOR complex 1, resulting in renal cell pathology in diabetes. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:25586–603. This article demonstrates that miR-21 increases in kidney cells cultured in the presence of TGF-β1 or high glucose, and downregulates PTEN, which activates AKT kinase and PI3K inducing mesangial hypertrophy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis..PubMedCrossRef • Dey N, Das F, Mariappan MM, Mandal CC, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Kasinath BS, et al. MicroRNA-21 orchestrates high glucose-induced signals to TOR complex 1, resulting in renal cell pathology in diabetes. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:25586–603. This article demonstrates that miR-21 increases in kidney cells cultured in the presence of TGF-β1 or high glucose, and downregulates PTEN, which activates AKT kinase and PI3K inducing mesangial hypertrophy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis..PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Zarjou A, Yang S, Abraham E, Agarwal A, Liu G. Identification of a microRNA signature in renal fibrosis: role of miR-21. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011;301:F793–801.PubMedCrossRef Zarjou A, Yang S, Abraham E, Agarwal A, Liu G. Identification of a microRNA signature in renal fibrosis: role of miR-21. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011;301:F793–801.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Chau BN, Xin C, Hartner J, Ren S, Castano AP, Linn G, et al. MicroRNA-21 promotes fibrosis of the kidney by silencing metabolic pathways. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:121. miR-21 knockout mice showed no overt abnormalities and suffered less interstitial fibrosis in response to kidney injury..CrossRef •• Chau BN, Xin C, Hartner J, Ren S, Castano AP, Linn G, et al. MicroRNA-21 promotes fibrosis of the kidney by silencing metabolic pathways. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:121. miR-21 knockout mice showed no overt abnormalities and suffered less interstitial fibrosis in response to kidney injury..CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Borel C, Antonarakis SE. Functional genetic variation of human miRNAs and phenotypic consequences. Mamm Genome. 2008;19:503–9.PubMedCrossRef Borel C, Antonarakis SE. Functional genetic variation of human miRNAs and phenotypic consequences. Mamm Genome. 2008;19:503–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Papagregoriou G, Erguler K, Dweep H, Voskarides K, Koupepidou P, Athanasiou Y, et al. A miR-1207-5p binding site polymorphism abolishes regulation of HBEGF and is associated with disease severity in CFHR5 nephropathy. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31021.PubMedCrossRef Papagregoriou G, Erguler K, Dweep H, Voskarides K, Koupepidou P, Athanasiou Y, et al. A miR-1207-5p binding site polymorphism abolishes regulation of HBEGF and is associated with disease severity in CFHR5 nephropathy. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31021.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun G, Yan J, Noltner K, Feng J, Li H, Sarkis DA, et al. SNPs in human miRNA genes affect biogenesis and function. RNA. 2009;15:1640–51.PubMedCrossRef Sun G, Yan J, Noltner K, Feng J, Li H, Sarkis DA, et al. SNPs in human miRNA genes affect biogenesis and function. RNA. 2009;15:1640–51.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu J, Hu Z, Xu Z, Gu H, Yi L, Cao H, et al. Functional variant in microRNA-196a2 contributes to the susceptibility of congenital heart disease in a Chinese population. Hum Mutat. 2009;30:1231–6.PubMedCrossRef Xu J, Hu Z, Xu Z, Gu H, Yi L, Cao H, et al. Functional variant in microRNA-196a2 contributes to the susceptibility of congenital heart disease in a Chinese population. Hum Mutat. 2009;30:1231–6.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Saunders MA, Liang H, Li WH. Human polymorphism at microRNAs and microRNA target sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:3300–5.PubMedCrossRef Saunders MA, Liang H, Li WH. Human polymorphism at microRNAs and microRNA target sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:3300–5.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin MM, Buckenberger JA, Jiang J, Malana GE, Nuovo GJ, Chotani M, et al. The human angiotensin II type 1 receptor +1166 A/C polymorphism attenuates microrna-155 binding. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:24262–9.PubMedCrossRef Martin MM, Buckenberger JA, Jiang J, Malana GE, Nuovo GJ, Chotani M, et al. The human angiotensin II type 1 receptor +1166 A/C polymorphism attenuates microrna-155 binding. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:24262–9.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan Z, Randall G, Fan J, Camoretti-Mercado B, Brockman-Schneider R, Pan L, et al. Allele-specific targeting of microRNAs to HLA-G and risk of asthma. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81:829–34.PubMedCrossRef Tan Z, Randall G, Fan J, Camoretti-Mercado B, Brockman-Schneider R, Pan L, et al. Allele-specific targeting of microRNAs to HLA-G and risk of asthma. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81:829–34.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Rademakers R, Eriksen JL, Baker M, Robinson T, Ahmed Z, Lincoln SJ, et al. Common variation in the miR-659 binding-site of GRN is a major risk factor for TDP43-positive frontotemporal dementia. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:3631–42.PubMedCrossRef Rademakers R, Eriksen JL, Baker M, Robinson T, Ahmed Z, Lincoln SJ, et al. Common variation in the miR-659 binding-site of GRN is a major risk factor for TDP43-positive frontotemporal dementia. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:3631–42.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Brendle A, Lei H, Brandt A, Johansson R, Enquist K, Henriksson R, et al. Polymorphisms in predicted microRNA-binding sites in integrin genes and breast cancer: ITGB4 as prognostic marker. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1394–9.PubMedCrossRef Brendle A, Lei H, Brandt A, Johansson R, Enquist K, Henriksson R, et al. Polymorphisms in predicted microRNA-binding sites in integrin genes and breast cancer: ITGB4 as prognostic marker. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1394–9.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Chin LJ, Ratner E, Leng S, Zhai R, Nallur S, Babar I, et al. A SNP in a let-7 microRNA complementary site in the KRAS 3' untranslated region increases non-small cell lung cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2008;68:8535–40.PubMedCrossRef Chin LJ, Ratner E, Leng S, Zhai R, Nallur S, Babar I, et al. A SNP in a let-7 microRNA complementary site in the KRAS 3' untranslated region increases non-small cell lung cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2008;68:8535–40.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W, Liyanarachchi S, Nagy R, Volinia S, et al. The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:19075–80.PubMedCrossRef He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W, Liyanarachchi S, Nagy R, Volinia S, et al. The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:19075–80.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicoloso MS, Sun H, Spizzo R, Kim H, Wickramasinghe P, Shimizu M, et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms inside microRNA target sites influence tumor susceptibility. Cancer Res. 2010;70:2789–98.PubMedCrossRef Nicoloso MS, Sun H, Spizzo R, Kim H, Wickramasinghe P, Shimizu M, et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms inside microRNA target sites influence tumor susceptibility. Cancer Res. 2010;70:2789–98.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Saetrom P, Biesinger J, Li SM, Smith D, Thomas LF, Majzoub K, et al. A risk variant in an miR-125b binding site in BMPR1B is associated with breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7459–65.PubMedCrossRef Saetrom P, Biesinger J, Li SM, Smith D, Thomas LF, Majzoub K, et al. A risk variant in an miR-125b binding site in BMPR1B is associated with breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7459–65.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O'Roak BJ, Baek DY, Stillman AA, Morgan TM, et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette's syndrome. Science. 2005;310:317–20.PubMedCrossRef Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O'Roak BJ, Baek DY, Stillman AA, Morgan TM, et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette's syndrome. Science. 2005;310:317–20.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Dickson DW, Baker M, Rademakers R. Common variant in GRN is a genetic risk factor for hippocampal sclerosis in the elderly. Neurodegener Dis. 2010;7:170–4.PubMedCrossRef Dickson DW, Baker M, Rademakers R. Common variant in GRN is a genetic risk factor for hippocampal sclerosis in the elderly. Neurodegener Dis. 2010;7:170–4.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang G, van der Walt JM, Mayhew G, Li YJ, Zuchner S, Scott WK, et al. Variation in the miRNA-433 binding site of FGF20 confers risk for Parkinson disease by overexpression of alpha-synuclein. Am J Hum Genet. 2008;82:283–9.PubMedCrossRef Wang G, van der Walt JM, Mayhew G, Li YJ, Zuchner S, Scott WK, et al. Variation in the miRNA-433 binding site of FGF20 confers risk for Parkinson disease by overexpression of alpha-synuclein. Am J Hum Genet. 2008;82:283–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruno AE, Li L, Kalabus JL, Pan Y, Yu A, Hu Z. miRdSNP: a database of disease-associated SNPs and microRNA target sites on 3'UTRs of human genes. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:44.PubMedCrossRef Bruno AE, Li L, Kalabus JL, Pan Y, Yu A, Hu Z. miRdSNP: a database of disease-associated SNPs and microRNA target sites on 3'UTRs of human genes. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:44.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Millis MP, Bowen D, Kingsley C, Watanabe RM, Wolford JK. Variants in the plasmacytoma variant translocation gene (PVT1) are associated with end-stage renal disease attributed to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56:3027–32.PubMedCrossRef Millis MP, Bowen D, Kingsley C, Watanabe RM, Wolford JK. Variants in the plasmacytoma variant translocation gene (PVT1) are associated with end-stage renal disease attributed to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56:3027–32.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez ML, DiStefano JK. Functional characterization of the plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 gene (PVT1) in diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One. 2010;6:e18671.CrossRef Alvarez ML, DiStefano JK. Functional characterization of the plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 gene (PVT1) in diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One. 2010;6:e18671.CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Bao L, Zhou M, Wu L, Lu L, Goldowitz D, Williams RW, et al. PolymiRTS Database: linking polymorphisms in microRNA target sites with complex traits. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:D51–4.PubMedCrossRef Bao L, Zhou M, Wu L, Lu L, Goldowitz D, Williams RW, et al. PolymiRTS Database: linking polymorphisms in microRNA target sites with complex traits. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:D51–4.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Hariharan M, Scaria V, Brahmachari SK. dbSMR: a novel resource of genome-wide SNPs affecting microRNA mediated regulation. BMC Bioinforma. 2009;10:108.CrossRef Hariharan M, Scaria V, Brahmachari SK. dbSMR: a novel resource of genome-wide SNPs affecting microRNA mediated regulation. BMC Bioinforma. 2009;10:108.CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiard S, Charlier C, Coppieters W, Georges M, Baurain D. Patrocles: a database of polymorphic miRNA-mediated gene regulation in vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38:D640–51.PubMedCrossRef Hiard S, Charlier C, Coppieters W, Georges M, Baurain D. Patrocles: a database of polymorphic miRNA-mediated gene regulation in vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38:D640–51.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Blumenthal SS. Evolution of treatment for diabetic nephropathy: historical progression from RAAS inhibition and onward. Postgrad Med. 2011;123:166–79.PubMedCrossRef Blumenthal SS. Evolution of treatment for diabetic nephropathy: historical progression from RAAS inhibition and onward. Postgrad Med. 2011;123:166–79.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature. 2005;435:834–8.PubMedCrossRef Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature. 2005;435:834–8.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatt K, Mi QS, Dong Z. microRNAs in kidneys: biogenesis, regulation, and pathophysiological roles. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011;300:F602–10.PubMedCrossRef Bhatt K, Mi QS, Dong Z. microRNAs in kidneys: biogenesis, regulation, and pathophysiological roles. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011;300:F602–10.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang G, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Chow KM, Kam-Tao Li P, Szeto CC. Expression of microRNAs in the urinary sediment of patients with IgA nephropathy. Dis Markers. 2010;28:79–86.PubMedCrossRef Wang G, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Chow KM, Kam-Tao Li P, Szeto CC. Expression of microRNAs in the urinary sediment of patients with IgA nephropathy. Dis Markers. 2010;28:79–86.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat • Wang G, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Chow KM, Li PK, Szeto CC. Urinary miR-21, miR-29, and miR-93: novel biomarkers of fibrosis. Am J Nephrol. 2012;36:412–8. This study shows correlation of specific miRNAs and renal fibrosis..PubMedCrossRef • Wang G, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Chow KM, Li PK, Szeto CC. Urinary miR-21, miR-29, and miR-93: novel biomarkers of fibrosis. Am J Nephrol. 2012;36:412–8. This study shows correlation of specific miRNAs and renal fibrosis..PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat • Szeto CC, Ching-Ha KB, Ka-Bik L, Mac-Moune LF, Cheung-Lung CP, Gang W, et al. Micro-RNA expression in the urinary sediment of patients with chronic kidney diseases. Dis Markers. 2012;33:137–44. This study shows a correlation between rate of GFR decline and urinary levels of specific miRNAs..PubMedCrossRef • Szeto CC, Ching-Ha KB, Ka-Bik L, Mac-Moune LF, Cheung-Lung CP, Gang W, et al. Micro-RNA expression in the urinary sediment of patients with chronic kidney diseases. Dis Markers. 2012;33:137–44. This study shows a correlation between rate of GFR decline and urinary levels of specific miRNAs..PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang G, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Chow KM, Li PK, Szeto CC. Urinary sediment miRNA levels in adult nephrotic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;418C:5–11.CrossRef Wang G, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Chow KM, Li PK, Szeto CC. Urinary sediment miRNA levels in adult nephrotic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;418C:5–11.CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo Y, Wang C, Chen X, Zhong T, Cai X, Chen S, et al. Increased serum and urinary micrornas in children with Idiopathic Nephrotic syndrome. Clin Chem. 2013;59:658–66. Luo Y, Wang C, Chen X, Zhong T, Cai X, Chen S, et al. Increased serum and urinary micrornas in children with Idiopathic Nephrotic syndrome. Clin Chem. 2013;59:658–66.
78.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Argyropoulos C, Wang K, McClarty S, Huang D, Bernardo J, Ellis D, et al. Urinary microRNA profiling in the nephropathy of type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54662. This study shows important preliminary evidence supporting the value of miRNAs as molecular signatures associated with distinct clinical stages of diabetic kidney disease..PubMedCrossRef •• Argyropoulos C, Wang K, McClarty S, Huang D, Bernardo J, Ellis D, et al. Urinary microRNA profiling in the nephropathy of type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54662. This study shows important preliminary evidence supporting the value of miRNAs as molecular signatures associated with distinct clinical stages of diabetic kidney disease..PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilad S, Meiri E, Yogev Y, Benjamin S, Lebanony D, Yerushalmi N, et al. Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One. 2008;3:e3148.PubMedCrossRef Gilad S, Meiri E, Yogev Y, Benjamin S, Lebanony D, Yerushalmi N, et al. Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One. 2008;3:e3148.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9:654–9.PubMedCrossRef Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9:654–9.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Miranda KC, Bond DT, McKee M, Skog J, Paunescu TG, Da Silva N, et al. Nucleic acids within urinary exosomes/microvesicles are potential biomarkers for renal disease. Kidney Int. 2010;78:191–9.PubMedCrossRef Miranda KC, Bond DT, McKee M, Skog J, Paunescu TG, Da Silva N, et al. Nucleic acids within urinary exosomes/microvesicles are potential biomarkers for renal disease. Kidney Int. 2010;78:191–9.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzales PA, Pisitkun T, Hoffert JD, Tchapyjnikov D, Star RA, Kleta R, et al. Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:363–79.PubMedCrossRef Gonzales PA, Pisitkun T, Hoffert JD, Tchapyjnikov D, Star RA, Kleta R, et al. Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:363–79.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzales PA, Zhou H, Pisitkun T, Wang NS, Star RA, Knepper MA, et al. Isolation and purification of exosomes in urine. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;641:89–99.PubMedCrossRef Gonzales PA, Zhou H, Pisitkun T, Wang NS, Star RA, Knepper MA, et al. Isolation and purification of exosomes in urine. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;641:89–99.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Pisitkun T, Johnstone R, Knepper MA. Discovery of urinary biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2006;5:1760–71.PubMedCrossRef Pisitkun T, Johnstone R, Knepper MA. Discovery of urinary biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2006;5:1760–71.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou H, Yuen PS, Pisitkun T, Gonzales PA, Yasuda H, Dear JW, et al. Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1471–6.PubMed Zhou H, Yuen PS, Pisitkun T, Gonzales PA, Yasuda H, Dear JW, et al. Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1471–6.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheruvanky A, Zhou H, Pisitkun T, Kopp JB, Knepper MA, Yuen PS, et al. Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;292:F1657–61.PubMedCrossRef Cheruvanky A, Zhou H, Pisitkun T, Kopp JB, Knepper MA, Yuen PS, et al. Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;292:F1657–61.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Merchant ML, Powell DW, Wilkey DW, Cummins TD, Deegens JK, Rood IM, et al. Microfiltration isolation of human urinary exosomes for characterization by MS. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2010;4:84–96.PubMedCrossRef Merchant ML, Powell DW, Wilkey DW, Cummins TD, Deegens JK, Rood IM, et al. Microfiltration isolation of human urinary exosomes for characterization by MS. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2010;4:84–96.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor DD, Zacharias W, Gercel-Taylor C. Exosome isolation for proteomic analyses and RNA profiling. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;728:235–46.PubMedCrossRef Taylor DD, Zacharias W, Gercel-Taylor C. Exosome isolation for proteomic analyses and RNA profiling. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;728:235–46.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez ML, Khosroheidari M, Kanchi Ravi R, DiStefano JK. Comparison of protein, microRNA, and mRNA yields using different methods of urinary exosome isolation for the discovery of kidney disease biomarkers. Kidney Int. 2012;82:1024–32.PubMedCrossRef Alvarez ML, Khosroheidari M, Kanchi Ravi R, DiStefano JK. Comparison of protein, microRNA, and mRNA yields using different methods of urinary exosome isolation for the discovery of kidney disease biomarkers. Kidney Int. 2012;82:1024–32.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez ML, DiStefano JK. Towards microRNA-based therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia. 2012;56:444–56.PubMedCrossRef Alvarez ML, DiStefano JK. Towards microRNA-based therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia. 2012;56:444–56.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Ebert MS, Neilson JR, Sharp PA. MicroRNA sponges: competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells. Nat Methods. 2007;4:721–6.PubMedCrossRef Ebert MS, Neilson JR, Sharp PA. MicroRNA sponges: competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells. Nat Methods. 2007;4:721–6.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Stenvang J, Petri A, Lindow M, Obad S, Kauppinen S. Inhibition of microRNA function by antimiR oligonucleotides. Silence. 2012;3:1.PubMedCrossRef Stenvang J, Petri A, Lindow M, Obad S, Kauppinen S. Inhibition of microRNA function by antimiR oligonucleotides. Silence. 2012;3:1.PubMedCrossRef
93.
94.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Krutzfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M, et al. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’. Nature. 2005;438:685–9. Intravenous administration of antagomirs against miR-16, miR-122, miR-192 and miR-194 resulted in a marked reduction of corresponding miRNA levels in many organs including kidney. •• Krutzfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M, et al. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’. Nature. 2005;438:685–9. Intravenous administration of antagomirs against miR-16, miR-122, miR-192 and miR-194 resulted in a marked reduction of corresponding miRNA levels in many organs including kidney.
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Broderick JA, Zamore PD. MicroRNA therapeutics. Gene Ther. 2011;18:1104–10. Broderick JA, Zamore PD. MicroRNA therapeutics. Gene Ther. 2011;18:1104–10.
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimm D, Streetz KL, Jopling CL, Storm TA, Pandey K, Davis CR, et al. Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways. Nature. 2006;441:537–41.PubMedCrossRef Grimm D, Streetz KL, Jopling CL, Storm TA, Pandey K, Davis CR, et al. Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways. Nature. 2006;441:537–41.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat An DS, Qin FX, Auyeung VC, Mao SH, Kung SK, Baltimore D, et al. Optimization and functional effects of stable short hairpin RNA expression in primary human lymphocytes via lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther. 2006;14:494–504.PubMedCrossRef An DS, Qin FX, Auyeung VC, Mao SH, Kung SK, Baltimore D, et al. Optimization and functional effects of stable short hairpin RNA expression in primary human lymphocytes via lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther. 2006;14:494–504.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Giering JC, Grimm D, Storm TA, Kay MA. Expression of shRNA from a tissue-specific pol II promoter is an effective and safe RNAi therapeutic. Mol Ther. 2008;16:1630–6.PubMedCrossRef Giering JC, Grimm D, Storm TA, Kay MA. Expression of shRNA from a tissue-specific pol II promoter is an effective and safe RNAi therapeutic. Mol Ther. 2008;16:1630–6.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Emerging Roles for miRNAs in the Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy
verfasst von
Johanna K. DiStefano
Matthew Taila
M. Lucrecia Alvarez
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Diabetes Reports / Ausgabe 4/2013
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Elektronische ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0386-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2013

Current Diabetes Reports 4/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Microvascular Complications-Nephropathy (B Roshan, Section Editor)

Glycemic Memories and the Epigenetic Component of Diabetic Nephropathy

Microvascular Complications-Neuropathy (D Ziegler, Section Editor)

New and Developing Drugs for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Diabetes

Microvascular Complications-Retinopathy (JK Sun, Section Editor)

Antioxidants and Diabetic Retinopathy

Microvascular Complications-Neuropathy (D Ziegler, Section Editor)

Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A New Technique for Early Detection of Diabetic Neuropathy

Microvascular Complications-Neuropathy (D Ziegler, Section Editor)

Neurovascular Function and Sudorimetry in Health and Disease

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

„Jeder Fall von plötzlichem Tod muss obduziert werden!“

17.05.2024 Plötzlicher Herztod Nachrichten

Ein signifikanter Anteil der Fälle von plötzlichem Herztod ist genetisch bedingt. Um ihre Verwandten vor diesem Schicksal zu bewahren, sollten jüngere Personen, die plötzlich unerwartet versterben, ausnahmslos einer Autopsie unterzogen werden.

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Schlechtere Vorhofflimmern-Prognose bei kleinem linken Ventrikel

17.05.2024 Vorhofflimmern Nachrichten

Nicht nur ein vergrößerter, sondern auch ein kleiner linker Ventrikel ist bei Vorhofflimmern mit einer erhöhten Komplikationsrate assoziiert. Der Zusammenhang besteht nach Daten aus China unabhängig von anderen Risikofaktoren.

Semaglutid bei Herzinsuffizienz: Wie erklärt sich die Wirksamkeit?

17.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Bei adipösen Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz des HFpEF-Phänotyps ist Semaglutid von symptomatischem Nutzen. Resultiert dieser Benefit allein aus der Gewichtsreduktion oder auch aus spezifischen Effekten auf die Herzinsuffizienz-Pathogenese? Eine neue Analyse gibt Aufschluss.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.