Background
Methods
Cholesterol remnants and triglyceride
Other laboratory analyses
Echocardiography
Left ventricular systolic function
Statistics
Results
All | Receiving statin therapy | |
---|---|---|
n = 924 | n = 730 | |
Clinical
| ||
Age (years) | 65 [58, 70] | 65 [59, 70] |
Male sex, n (%) | 597 (65) | 486 (67) |
Diabetes duration (years) | 11 [6, 17] | 11 [6, 17] |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29 [26, 33] | 30 [27, 33] |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 (17) | 135 (16) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (11) | 80 (10) |
Known coronary heart disease n (%) | 162 (18) | 140 (19) |
Lipids
| ||
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.1 [3.5, 4.8] | 3.9 [3.4, 4.5] |
Low density cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.0 [1.6, 2.6] | 1.8 [1.5, 2.3] |
High density cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.2 [1.0, 1.4] | 1.2 [1.0, 1.4] |
Cholesterol remnants (mmol/l) | 0.8 [0.5, 1.1] | 0.7 [0.5, 1.0] |
Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.7 [1.2, 2.4] | 1.7 [1.2, 2.4] |
Other laboratory values
| ||
Albuminuria (%) | 212 (23.3) | 165 (22) |
Microalbuminuria (%) | 149 (16) | 116 (16) |
Macroalbuminuria (%) | 63 (7) | 49 (7) |
Creatinine (μmol/l) | 78 [65, 96] | 78 [66, 96] |
Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 55 [48, 66] | 54 [48, 65] |
Haemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 7.2 [6.5, 8.2] | 7.1 [6.5, 8.1] |
Medication
| ||
Statins, n (%) | 730 (79) | – |
Metformin, n (%) | 670 (73) | 552 (76) |
DPP4 inhibitors, n (%) | 88 (10) | 71 (10) |
Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 142 (15) | 107 (15) |
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, n (%) | 226 (25) | 189 (26) |
Insulin, n (%) | 428 (46) | 334 (46) |
Beta blockers, n (%) | 221 (24) | 186 (26) |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, n (%) | 354 (38) | 297 (41) |
Angiotensin II receptor blockers, n (%) | 359 (40) | 298 (41) |
Calcium antagonists, n (%) | 294 (32) | 250 (34) |
Diuretics, n (%) | 452 (49) | 376 (52) |
Antiplatelets, n (%) | 607 (66) | 508 (70) |
Structural and diastolic measurements
log2 (cholesterol remnants) | log2 (triglyceride) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
β-coefficient(std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | |
All patients
| ||||||||
Left ventricular mass index (g/m2.7) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.27 | −0.5 (0.5) | 0.36 | 1.1 (0.5) |
0.03
| −0.1 (0.5) | 0.81 |
Interventricular septum diameter (mm) | 0.21 (0.08) |
0.01
| 0.01 (0.08) | 0.90 | 0.26 (0.08) | <0.001
| 0.04 (0.07) | 0.58 |
Left ventricular internal diameter (mm) | −0.21 (0.29) | 0.47 | −0.47 (0.30) | 0.11 | −0.04 (0.26) | 0.89 | −0.37 (0.28) | 0.18 |
Posterior wall diameter (mm) | 0.16 (0.07) |
0.03
| 0.01 (0.07) | 0.90 | 0.25 (0.07) | <0.001
| 0.07 (0.06) | 0.28 |
Left atrial end systolic volume index (ml/m2) | −1.61 (0.39) | <0.001
| −1.41 (0.41) |
0.001
| −1.29 (0.35) | <0.001
| −1.19 (0.37) |
0.002
|
In patients receiving statin therapy
| ||||||||
Left ventricular mass index (g/m2.7) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.24 | −0.3 (0.6) | 0.56 | 1.1 (0.5) |
0.04
| −0.1 (0.5) | 0.86 |
Interventricular septum diameter (mm) | 0.22 (0.09) |
0.02
| 0.04 (0.09) | 0.67 | 0.29 (0.09) | <0.001
| 0.08 (0.08) | 0.35 |
End diastolic internal diameter (mm) | −0.30 (0.33) | 0.36 | −0.58 (0.34) | 0.08 | −0.17 (0.30) | 0.57 | −0.53 (0.31) | 0.09 |
Posterior wall diameter (mm) | 0.17 (0.08) |
0.04
| 0.04 (0.08) | 0.62 | 0.26 (0.07) | <0.001
| 0.10 (0.07) | 0.17 |
Left atrial end systolic volume index (ml/m2) | −1.73 (0.45) | <0.001
| −1.47 (0.47) |
0.002
| −1.44 (0.40) | <0.001
| −1.33 (0.43) |
0.002
|
log2 (cholesterol remnants) | log2 (triglyceride) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
β-coefficient (std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | β coefficient (std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | |
All patients
| ||||||||
Peak E velocity (m/s) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.12 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.006
| −0.01 (0.01) | 0.09 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.002
|
Peak A velocity (m/s) | −0.003 (0.01) | 0.76 | −0.001 (0.01) | 0.93 | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.51 | −0.003 (0.01) | 0.72 |
E/A ratio | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.48 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.05
| −0.01 (0.01) | 0.53 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.03
|
E deceleration time (ms) | 2.8 (3.5) | 0.41 | 3.3 (3.6) | 0.36 | 0.8 (3.1) | 0.81 | 1.5 (3.3) | 0.65 |
Lateral e’ (cm/s) | −0.18 (0.12) | 0.13 | −0.25 (0.11) |
0.02
| −0.19 (0.11) | 0.07 | −0.27 (0.10) |
0.008
|
Septal e’ (cm/s) | −0.12 (0.09) | 0.19 | −0.18 (0.08) |
0.03
| −0.10 (0.08) | 0.22 | −0.17 (0.08) |
0.03
|
E/e’mean
| 0.11 (0.20) | 0.58 | 0.01 (0.20) | 0.97 | 0.08 (0.18) | 0.65 | −0.02 (0.18) | 0.93 |
Patients receiving statin therapy
| ||||||||
Peak E velocity (cm/s) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.08 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.006
| −0.02 (0.01) | 0.08 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.004
|
Peak A velocity (cm/s) | −0.002 (0.01) | 0.82 | −0.0003 (0.01) | 0.98 | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.57 | −0.002 (0.01) | 0.86 |
E/A ratio | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.25 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.02
| −0.01 (0.01) | 0.36 | −0.03 (0.01) |
0.02
|
E deceleration time (ms) | 3.8 (3.9) | 0.33 | 3.57 (4.11) | 0.39 | 1.3 (3.5) | 0.72 | 1.1 (3.7) | 0.77 |
Lateral e’ (cm/s) | −0.07 (0.13) | 0.59 | −0.19 (0.13) | 0.13 | −0.10 (0.12) | 0.37 | −0.21 (0.11) | 0.07 |
Septal e’ (cm/s) | −0.07 (0.10) | 0.49 | −0.17 (0.10) | 0.08 | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.27 | −0.18 (0.09) |
0.04
|
E/e’mean
| −0.10 (0.22) | 0.65 | −0.17 (0.22) | 0.44 | −0.06 (0.20) | 0.78 | −0.13 (0.20) | 0.53 |
Systolic measurements
log2 (cholesterol remnants) | log2 (triglyceride) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
β-coefficient (std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | β-coefficient (std error) | P value | |
All patients
| ||||||||
Ejection fraction (%) | −0.7 (0.4) | 0.09 | −0.4 (0.4) | 0.31 | −0.6 (0.4) | 0.09 | −0.3 (0.4) | 0.42 |
Global longitudinal systolic strain (%) | 0.40 (0.13) |
0.003
| 0.33 (0.14) |
0.02
| 0.34 (0.12) |
0.004
| 0.28 (0.13) |
0.03
|
Longitudinal displacement (mm) | −0.25 (0.09) |
0.007
| −0.25 (0.10) |
0.01
| −0.25 (0.08) |
0.003
| −0.25 (0.09) |
0.005
|
Patients receiving statin therapy
| ||||||||
Ejection fraction (%) | −0.7 (0.4) | 0.12 | −0.4 (0.5) | 0.43 | −0.5 (0.4) | 0.18 | −0.1 (0.4) | 0.72 |
Global longitudinal systolic strain (%) | 0.38 (0.15) |
0.01
| 0.32 (0.16) |
0.05
| 0.33 (0.14) |
0.01
| 0.29 (0.15) | 0.05 |
Longitudinal displacement (mm) | −0.20 (0.11) | 0.07 | −0.20 (0.11) | 0.06 | −0.22 (0.09) |
0.02
| −0.22 (0.10) |
0.03
|