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Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 6/2016

18.05.2016 | Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten | Leitthema

Epidemiologische Daten zur Nahrungsmittelallergie in Europa

verfasst von: Dr. med. Linus B. Grabenhenrich, MPH

Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | Ausgabe 6/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Die Interpretation epidemiologischer Daten zu Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten sollte 2 Aspekte klar trennen: Die Disposition eines Individuums, bei Verzehr bestimmter Nahrungsmittel symptomatisch zu reagieren und die tatsächlich stattfindenden Reaktionen, welche nur bei ausreichendem Verzehr oder gezielter Exposition/Provokation beobachtet werden können.
Die genaue Angabe der verwendeten Falldefinition ist für den Bericht und die Interpretation der Häufigkeit von Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten unverzichtbar. In Europa werden Prävalenzschätzer für selbst berichtete Reaktionen von 5,7–61,6 % und für ärztlich diagnostizierte Unverträglichkeiten von 0,2–4,2 % berichtet. Werden nur doppelblind nachgewiesene Soforttypreaktionen berücksichtigt, so ergeben sich Prävalenzen von 0–2,2 %. Die Disposition, mit schweren Symptomen zu reagieren, ist vermutlich seltener, kann aber aus bisher veröffentlichten Daten nicht solide angegeben werden. Die einzigen für Deutschland vorliegenden Daten ergeben eine Prävalenz IgE-vermittelter Reaktionen von 2,5% für Berlin.
Die häufigsten Auslöser im Kleinkindalter sind Kuhmilch und Hühnerei, welche in der Regel milde, auf die Haut beschränkte Symptome bewirken. Die frühkindlich erworbenen Nahrungsmittelallergien verschwinden meist bis zum Schuleintritt. Es gibt bisher keine veröffentlichten Daten zum langfristigen Verlauf der Disposition zur allergischen Reaktion.
Das Europäische Anaphylaxie-Register dokumentiert das Spektrum schwerer allergischer Reaktionen. Für tödlich verlaufende Reaktionen gibt es eine größere Fallserie aus England. Aus beiden Ansätzen lässt sich jedoch keine Inzidenz schätzen, da die Meldungen freiwillig sind. Auch über die Relevanz von schweren allergischen Reaktionen auf Lebensmittel lässt sich aus diesen Daten keine Aussage treffen.
Um differenzierte Aussagen zu Häufigkeit und Verlauf zu erhalten, sind weitere systematische Untersuchungen an ausreichend großen Personengruppen unter Einsatz möglichst objektiver diagnostischer Kriterien erforderlich.
Fußnoten
1
Aus Gründen besserer Lesbarkeit wird auf die gleichzeitige Verwendung von weiblichen und männlichen Sprachformen verzichtet. Sämtliche Bezeichnungen gelten selbstverständlich für beide Geschlechter.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Epidemiologische Daten zur Nahrungsmittelallergie in Europa
verfasst von
Dr. med. Linus B. Grabenhenrich, MPH
Publikationsdatum
18.05.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz / Ausgabe 6/2016
Print ISSN: 1436-9990
Elektronische ISSN: 1437-1588
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-016-2358-z

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