Introduction
Background and Rationale
Objectives and Hypothesis
Methods
Study Design, Setting, and Participants
Measures
Statistical Analysis
Results
Study Participants
Variable | Total (n = 1346) | African American (n = 630) | White (n = 532) | Other (n = 180) | p valuea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | %b | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||
Income, annual household | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Low income | |||||||||
< $15,000 | 426 | 31.7 | 251 | 39.8 | 111 | 20.9 | 62 | 34.4 | |
Low-middle income | |||||||||
$15,000 to < $25,000 | 189 | 14.0 | 109 | 17.3 | 61 | 11.5 | 19 | 10.6 | |
High-middle income | |||||||||
$25,000 to < $50,000 | 327 | 24.3 | 152 | 24.1 | 136 | 25.6 | 39 | 21.7 | |
High income | |||||||||
$50,000 + | 384 | 28.5 | 106 | 16.8 | 221 | 41.5 | 56 | 31.1 | |
Race/ethnicity | 1342 | 99.7 | 630 | 46.8 | 532 | 39.5 | 180 | 13.4 | < 0.0001c |
Gambling disorderd | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
No | 827 | 61.4 | 279 | 44.3 | 418 | 78.6 | 127 | 70.6 | |
Yes | 517 | 38.4 | 350 | 55.6 | 113 | 21.2 | 53 | 29.4 | |
Age, yearse | 43 | 25.6 | 48.6 | 21.2 | 39.1 | 26.3 | 28.6 | 20.9 | < 0.0001f |
Age, categorical | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
18–24 | 175 | 13.0 | 37 | 5.9 | 85 | 16 | 53 | 29.4 | |
25–34 | 331 | 24.6 | 122 | 19.4 | 148 | 27.8 | 60 | 33.3 | |
35–44 | 209 | 15.5 | 106 | 16.8 | 81 | 15.2 | 21 | 11.7 | |
45–54 | 314 | 23.3 | 187 | 29.7 | 102 | 19.2 | 23 | 12.8 | |
55–64 | 257 | 19.1 | 150 | 23.8 | 88 | 16.5 | 19 | 10.6 | |
65 + | 60 | 4.5 | 28 | 4.4 | 28 | 5.3 | 4 | 2.2 | |
Sexg | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Male | 639 | 47.5 | 251 | 39.8 | 291 | 54.7 | 96 | 53.3 | |
Female | 700 | 52 | 376 | 59.7 | 240 | 45.1 | 82 | 45.6 | |
Education level | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
< high school graduate | 98 | 7.3 | 68 | 10.8 | 21 | 4.0 | 9 | 5.0 | |
High school graduate | 285 | 21.2 | 199 | 31.6 | 68 | 12.8 | 18 | 10.0 | |
> high school graduate | 958 | 71.2 | 360 | 57.1 | 443 | 83.3 | 152 | 84.4 | |
Employment status | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Employed | 693 | 51.5 | 304 | 48.3 | 311 | 58.5 | 77 | 42.8 | |
Unemployed | 331 | 24.6 | 211 | 33.5 | 88 | 16.5 | 31 | 17.2 | |
Non-working | 307 | 22.8 | 108 | 17.2 | 130 | 24.4 | 68 | 37.8 | |
Veteran | 0.0034 | ||||||||
No | 1179 | 87.6 | 520 | 82.5 | 489 | 91.9 | 167 | 92.8 | |
Yes | 95 | 7.1 | 59 | 9.4 | 27 | 5.1 | 9 | 5.0 | |
Marital status | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Single | 764 | 56.8 | 342 | 54.3 | 294 | 55.3 | 127 | 70.6 | |
Married | 251 | 18.7 | 100 | 15.9 | 128 | 24.1 | 23 | 12.8 | |
Divorced, separated, or widowed | 327 | 24.3 | 185 | 29.4 | 110 | 20.7 | 30 | 16.7 | |
Homeless | 0.0702 h | ||||||||
No | 1313 | 97.6 | 608 | 96.5 | 523 | 98.3 | 179 | 99.4 | |
Yes | 26 | 1.9 | 18 | 2.9 | 7 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.6 | |
Current smoker | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
No | 896 | 66.6 | 345 | 54.8 | 412 | 77.4 | 136 | 75.6 | |
Yes | 446 | 33.1 | 283 | 44.9 | 119 | 22.4 | 43 | 23.9 | |
Alcohol abusei | 0.0014 | ||||||||
No | 1074 | 79.8 | 515 | 81.8 | 407 | 76.5 | 148 | 82.2 | |
Yes | 218 | 16.2 | 79 | 12.5 | 111 | 20.9 | 28 | 15.6 | |
Substance abusej | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
No | 1069 | 79.4 | 468 | 74.3 | 449 | 84.4 | 150 | 83.3 | |
Yes | 160 | 11.9 | 100 | 15.9 | 48 | 9.0 | 11 | 6.1 | |
Marijuana use in past 30 days | 0.0808 | ||||||||
No | 1077 | 80.0 | 487 | 77.3 | 443 | 83.3 | 145 | 80.6 | |
Yes | 261 | 19.4 | 137 | 21.8 | 89 | 16.7 | 34 | 18.9 |
Unadjusted Analyses
Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N with/without gambling disorder | ORb (95% CI) | p value | N with/without gambling disorder | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
Income level | ||||||
Low income | 221/205 | 3.79 (2.79, 5.15) | < 0.0001 | 197/185 | 2.27 (1.46, 3.53) | 0.0003 |
Low-middle income | 79/110 | 2.53 (1.73, 3.68) | < 0.0001 | 65/101 | 1.44 (0.90, 2.29) | 0.1278 |
High-middle income | 120/205 | 2.06 (1.48, 2.86) | < 0.0001 | 94/183 | 1.38 (0.93, 2.03) | 0.1074 |
High income | 85/299 | Referent | 77/262 | Referent |
Adjusted Analyses
African American | White | Other | p valueb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N with/without gambling disorder | ORa (95% CI) | N with/without gambling disorder | OR (95% CI) | N with/without gambling disorder | OR (95% CI) | ||
Income level | |||||||
Low income | 147/76 | 1.69 (0.92, 3.11) | 31/71 | 1.55 (0.78, 3.06) | 19/38 | 2.65 (0.90, 7.79) | 0.1682 |
Low-middle Income | 45/50 | 0.98 (0.51, 1.88) | 15/40 | 1.19 (0.55, 2.60) | 5/11 | 2.34 (0.57, 9.58) | |
High-middle income | 64/59 | 1.42 (0.79, 2.57) | 18/106 | 0.61 (0.31, 1.19) | 12/18 | 3.38 (1.07, 10.69) | |
High income | 34/55 | Referent for African American | 36/164 | Referent for White | 7/43 | Referent for other |