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European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1/2007

01.07.2007 | ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

Executive functions in children with chronic tic disorders with/without ADHD: new insights

verfasst von: Dr. Veit Roessner, Andreas Becker, Tobias Banaschewski, Aribert Rothenberger

Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Sonderheft 1/2007

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Abstract

Objective

In Chronic Tic Disorders (CTD) associated Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is very common. Hence, it is important to clarify how both conditions are related to cognitive dysfunctions in patients with CTD+ADHD comorbidity. Recent studies on neuropsychology revealed equivocal results, mostly due to methodological shortcomings like problems in sample composition. Thus better and more detailed information on this topic is needed to improve diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Method

Three tasks related to different domains of executive functions (the Matching Familiar Figures Test, the Stroop color–word interference task, and a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) have been performed in two independent samples (altogether n = 138 children) both including four groups of children (CTD-only, CTD+ADHD, ADHD-only, healthy controls) matched for age and IQ. To specify the influence of either tics or ADHD-symptoms on executive functions and to answer the question of their interactive or additive relationship two-way analyses of variance (MANOVA) for the factors CTD (yes,no) × ADHD (yes,no) were conducted. Eta squared was calculated to reveal the effect sizes for each factor. For a deeper understanding of group differences and to better enable the comparison with data in literature, additional analyses of variance (ANOVA) with posthoc testing were applied.

Results

In summary, there was a main effect only for the factor ADHD reflected by decreased performance, while no main effect of the factor CTD could be found. Admittedly, the effects were not uniform in both samples. However, in all three tasks and both samples, uniformly no interaction between the main factors has been observed.

Conclusions

In cases of coexisting CTD+ADHD the factor ADHD shows the main negative impact on neuropsychological performance and this impact seems to be independent of any feature of the coexisting tics (additive model). This supports the notion to primarily treat the ADHD-symptoms in order to increase cognitive self regulatory abilities of these children. Contrarily, tics seem to have little impact on cognitive performance in most cases.
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Metadaten
Titel
Executive functions in children with chronic tic disorders with/without ADHD: new insights
verfasst von
Dr. Veit Roessner
Andreas Becker
Tobias Banaschewski
Aribert Rothenberger
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2007
Erschienen in
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2007
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-1005-5

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