Introduction
Study | Sample size | Conditions | Type of exercise | Major finding | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colbert (2001) | 29,133 men | 50–69 years old | occupational and leisure-time activities | findings provide further evidence of an inverse association between physical activity and colon cancer The relationship appeared to be stronger in the distal colon, rather than the proximal colon, and a similar association was seen for rectal cancer | [14] |
Thune (2001) | 40,674 patients | N/A | Occupational physical activity Leisure time physical activity | A dose–response effect of physical activity on colon cancer risk was especially observed | [15] |
Chao (2004) | 940 colon and 390 rectal cancer patients | Mean age of 63 years old | Recreational Physical Activity | Increasing amounts of time spent at recreational physical activity are associated with substantially lower risk of colon cancer Recreational physical activity is associated with lower risk of rectal cancer in older men and women | [16] |
Calton (2006) | 31,783 women | Mean age of 61 years old | Daily physical activity | Data do not support the hypothesis that physical activity is related to a lower incidence of colon cancer | [17] |
Mai (2007) | 120,147 participants | 22–84 years old | Lifetime recreational physical activity | Lifetime recreational physical activity may protect against colon cancer among postmenopausal women who have never used hormone therapy Among hormone therapy users, who have lower risk of colon cancer, recreational physical activity does not seem to provide any additional benefit With declining rates of hormone therapy use, physical activity offers one possible means for reducing women's colon cancer risk | [18] |
Coups (2008) | 1932 respondents to the Health Information National Trends Survey | 18–70 years old | Moderate-intensity activities | There is poor awareness among U.S. adults of the role that physical activity plays in preventing colon cancer | [19] |
Wolin (2010) | 158,253 participants | N/A | Regular long-term physical activity | Regular long-term physical activity was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer mortality | [20] |
Boyle (2011) | 870 cases | 40–71 years old | Recreational Physical | Physical activity may have a greater effect on the risk of distal colon cancer than proximal colon cancer Vigorous physical activity is required to reduce colorectal cancer risk | [21] |
Sanchez (2012) | 548 patients | Mean age of 58 years old BMI of 27 | Exercised for at least one hour per week | Exercise was an independent negative predictor for the presence of adenomas anywhere in the colon Patients who reported exercising one or more hours weekly had a lower prevalence of any polyps | [22] |
Kuiper (2012) | 1,339 participants | Mean age of 65 years | Recreational physical activity | Patients reporting activity levels ofC18 MET-h/week had significantly lower colorectal cancer-specific mortality | [23] |
Weijenberg (2013) | 120,852 participants | 55–69 years old | Occupational physical activity | Regular long-term physical activity and fewer sitting hours may protect against colon cancer, particularly distal colon cancer | [24] |
Moore (2016) | 1.44 million participants | Leisure-time physical activity of a moderate to vigorous intensity | Leisure-time physical activity was associated with lower risks of colon cancer | [25] | |
Aleksandrova (2017) | 519 978 participants | 25–70 years old | High physical activity | Promoting physical activity, particularly outdoors could represent a promising strategy for colon cancer prevention | [26] |
Mahmood (2018) | 23,586 patients | 27 to 76 years old | Recreational activity | Recreational activity was associated with reduced CRC risk. A non-significant, inverse association was observed for occupational activity, whereas no association was found for transport or household domains | [27] |
Animal models | |||||
Baltgalvis (2009) | 48 Apc(Min/ +) mice | Four-week-old male mice | Regular moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (18 m/min, 60 min/d, 6 d/wk) | The induction of adiposity, inflammation, and immunosuppression by the Western-style diet may compromise the beneficial effect of moderate-intensity exercise on the intestinal polyp burden in Apc(Min/ +) mice | [28] |
Kelly (2017) | N/A | Eight-weeks of age male mice | Voluntary running wheel access | The results indicate that voluntary exercise should be used as a preventative measure to reduce risk for environmentally induced CRC with the realization that the extent of protection may depend on genetic background | [29] |
Exercise and cancer
Timing of exercise
Intensity of exercise
Sedentary behavior
Exercise in colorectal cancer survivals
Study | Sample size | conditions | Type of exercise | Major finding | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ligibel (2012) | 237 patients | stage I–III CRC survivors | 180 min of moderate-intensity physical activity | Survivors enrolled in a multicenter, telephonebased physical activity intervention increased physical activity and experienced significant improvements in fitness and physical functioning | [90] |
Cheville (2013) | 66 patients | Stage IV CRC survivors | 8 weeks incremental walking and home-based strength training | A home-based exercise program seems capable of improving the mobility, fatigue, and sleep quality of patients with Stage IV lung and colorectal cancer | [91] |
Chung (2013) | 431 pateints | Mean age of 58 years old | Strenuous, moderate and mild physical activity | Survivorswho were older or received chemotherapy increased their total PA and mild intensity PA after the completion of treatment | [79] |
Sellar (2013) | 888 pateitns | stage II or III CRC survivors | 12-week supervised exercise intervention | Exercise training was found to be feasible and improved many aspects of health related physical fitness in CRC survivors that may be associated with improved quality of life and survival in these individuals | [81] |
Courneya et al. (2014) | 250 patients | High-risk stage II or stage III CRC survivors | A three-year exercise program | The Colon Health and Life- Long Exercise Change (CHALLENGE) trial was proven to be effective as a randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of an exercise program on disease-free survival | [92] |
Grimmett (2015) | 29 patients | Patietns over 18 years old who had recently completed treatment within the last 6 months | 12 week intervention for increasing physical activity | Meaningful improvement in quality of life was observed | [86] |
Husson (2015) | 6446 patients | Mean age of 71 years, stage I–III CRC survivors | Physical activities including walking, bicycling, gardening, housekeeping, and sports | Pateitns with PA have higher on the global quality of life, physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning over time Finding underlines the importance to focus upon training in survivorship care and strategies to get inactive cancer survivors physically active | [93] |
Courneya (2016) | 273 patients | High-risk stage II and III colon cancer survivors | Gradually increase recreational PA from baseline by 10 MET hours/week | The behavior change intervention produced a substantial increase in selfreported recreational PA that met the feasibility criterion for trial continuation, resulted in objective fitness improvements, and is consistent with the amount of PA associated with improved colon cancer outcomes in observational studies | [94] |
Grote (2016) | 11 patients | N/A | Blended aerobic and resistance training (CART) three days per week for 13 weeks | The study revealed a close relationship between CART and cancer survivors’ cardiometabolic health After 13 weeks of training, participants experienced an average decrease in waist circumference Decrease in waist circumference was associated with a decrease in CRP | [95] |
Fisher et al. (2016) | 495 patients | Patients who were between 6 months and 5 years post-diagnosis with non-metastasised disease | Post-diagnosis PA | The findings indicated the benefits of PA following cancer treatment, while also identifying barriers to effective implementation | [96] |
Cantarero-Villanueva (2017) | 46 patients | older than 18 years, stage II–III CRC survivors | Lumbopelvic Exercise Program | PA improves musculoskeletal conditions in the lumbopelvic area of CRC patients, specifically in terms of pain and internal oblique thickness | [97] |
Chen et al. (2017) | 116 pateitns | Elderly patients prepared for CRC surgery | Four-week trimodal rehabilitation program | The results indicated that the trimodal rehabilitation program had a positive effect on levels of PA, as well as on functional walking ability The results indicate the potential to improve PA and physical function among elderly cancer patients | [98] |
Forbes et al. (2017) | 95 patients | N/A | Internet-delivered, distance-based PA | The Internet-based program was proven to have a negative impact on cancer survivors’ motivation | [99] |
Brown (2016 and 2017, 2018) | 39 patients | Stage I–III CRC survivors | 150 min/wk of aerobic exercise (low dose) and 300 min/wk of aerobic exercise (high dose) for 6 months | Aerobic exercise reduces visceral adipose tissue in dose–response fashion among patients with stage I–III CRC Visceral adipose tissue may be a mechanism through which exercise reduces the risk of disease recurrence among CRC survivors | |
Devin (2016 and 2018) | 47 patients | Post-treatment CRC survivors | 4 weeks of moderate intensity exercise (MIE) and high intensity exercise (HIE) training | In response to short-term training, HIE is a safe, feasible and efficacious intervention that offers clinically meaningful improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition for colorectal cancer survivors |
Exercise during treatment
Molecular mechanisms
Cancer type | Sample size | Exercise intervention | Goals | status | number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colon Cancer Rectal Cancer | 134 patients who have completed treatment for colorectal cancer in the past 2 years 18 Years and older | Moderate-intensity physical activity | The efficacy of the physical activity intervention on fitness, vigor, fatigue, physical functioning, and body esteem | Completed | NCT00230646 |
Colorectal cancer | 207 participants 50 Years to 80 Years | Participants will read 10 behavioral messages about colon cancer screening and physical activity | Design messages which can help people learn more about how to prevent colon cancer | Completed | NCT00924690 |
Colorectal Cancer Obesity | 40 participants 50 Years and older Body mass index 25–40 kg/m2 | Physical Activity and Energy Restriction | Studying diet and physical activity in healthy overweight, obese, or inactive participants at risk of developing colorectal cancer | Completed | NCT00653484 |
Colorectal Cancer | 202 participants 40 Years to 75 Years | 60 min/session of aerobic exercise, 6 d/week at 50–50% HHR. All sessions will begin with 10 min of stretching and 5 min of warm-up, and will end with 5 min of cool down | Investigate the efficacy of a one-year moderate intensity aerobic exercise program in modulating these processes to a pattern considered low risk for colon cancer Investigate the mechanisms whereby exercise may lower colon cancer risk in humans | Completed | NCT00668161 |
Colorectal Cancer | 39 participants 18 Years and older | Patient allocated to the InterWalk-group will be introduced to the InterWalk app, including instructions on how to down load and use the application. and prescribed to perform Interval Walking for 150 min per week | Investigate interval-walking, delivered by the InterWalk smart phone application as exercise-modality in patients with colorectal cancer | Completed | NCT02403024 |
Colorectal Cancer | 36 participants 60 Years and older | The intervention is a workbook that coaches participants through walking regularly at a safe, comfortable pace with the ultimate goal of walking at least 30 min a day five days a week | Evaluate the effects of physical activity intervention on fatigue and quality of life during chemotherapy for CRC patients | Completed | NCT02191969 |
Colorectal Cancer Depression Fatigue Pain | 50 participants up to 120 Years | 150 min/wk of moderate exercise through use of the Curves® centers, engage in physical activity outside of Curves®, and use pedometers to track activity | Studies how well exercise, diet, and counseling work in improving physical activity and weight loss in overweight women who are breast and colorectal cancer survivors | Completed | NCT01453452 |
Anxiety Disorder Colorectal Cancer Depression | 45 participants 18 Years and older | Moderate Physical Activity | Studying how well physical activity helps patients with stage II or stage III colorectal cancer recover from cancer | Completed | NCT00373022 |
Colorectal Cancer | 50 participants 40 Years to 80 Years | The patients will perform increasing volumes of moderate intensity endurance (e.g. walking, cycling) exercise, leading up to 18 MET-hours per week by the end of three months. Patients will then maintain this activity level for the remaining 9 months, with reduced supervision | to determine the feasibility of a one year exercise training program in post-surgical patients with colorectal cancer | Completed | NCT01991847 |
Colorectal Carcinoma | 11 participants 70 Years and older | Participants will complete the High-Intensity Functional Exercise (HIFE) programme. The programme improves lower-limb strength, balance and mobility and all the exercises can be performed by the individual at home and with minimal equipment | The Assessment of the Feasibility of a Home Based Exercise Programme in the Older Patient Following Major Surgery | Completed | NCT03064308 |
Colorectal Carcinoma | 16 participants 18 Years and older | The exercise regime consists of 10 sessions of exercise against a constant load, each lasting 60 s, separated by 60 s of recovery eliciting 90% maximal heart rate. The 6 sessions are held over a 2 week period | To determine clinical and biological effects of a preoperative exercise programme in colorectal tumour and skeletal muscle tissues | Completed | NCT02056691 |
Colorectal Cancer | 50 participants 18 Years and older | motivational counseling to exercise a minimum 18 metabolic hours per week | To evaluate compliance at 6 months with post-treatment recommendations for a minimum of 18 metabolic units of physical activity each week in patients who have completed therapy for stage 2 and stage 3 colorectal cancer | Completed | NCT00977613 |
Colorectal Cancer | 24 participants 18 Years and older | A 2–4 week low volume, moderate intensity, supervised, one to one, individualised exercise programme | To determine whether a defined exercise programme can improve recovery and reduce complications after surgery | Completed | NCT02264496 |
Colorectal Cancer | 44 participants 18 Years and older | Aerobic exercise | To identify the dose–response effects of aerobic exercise on molecular and cellular pathways associated with physical activity and CC outcomes among patients with stage II and III CRC | Completed | NCT02250053 |
Colorectal Cancer | 788 participants 18 Years and older | 12 supervised exercise sessions over 3 months and six supportive behavior change workshops | Investigating the feasibility of a behavior change intervention based on Self-Determination Theory in people recovering from colorectal cancer and its effects on behavior change 6 months post-intervention | Completed | NCT02751892 |
Colorectal Cancer | 52 participants 18 Years and older | The exercise group will perform supervised stationary cycle ergometer exercise 3 times per week for 12 weeks and be progressed from 15 to 45 min and 60% to 110% of the power output obtained at V02peak. Resistance training will be completed twice per week and will include exercises for all major muscle groups. The training will progress from 60 to 80% of 1RM over the course of the intervention | investigate hypothesize that an exercise training program will be a safe, feasible, and effective intervention to improve the fitness and body composition of a group of colon cancer survivors | Completed | NCT00813540 |
Colorectal Cancer | 35 participants 18 Years and older | Exercise Training | Does Short-term Exercise Intervention Improve Pre-operative Physical Fitness Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients? | Completed | NCT01325909 |
Bladder Cancer Breast Cancer Colorectal Cancer Esophageal Cancer Fatigue Lung Cancer Lymphoma Ovarian Cancer Prostate Cancer | 49 participants 60 Years and older | Pelvic floor muscle training for one month (2 ~ 3 times a week, for 4 weeks) just one month before the stoma closure | Patients undergo resistance exercise via negative-eccentric work (RENEW), using a special seated stationary leg exercise machine, 3 times a week for up to 12 weeks | Completed | NCT00335491 |
Colorectal Cancer | 27 participants 21 Years and older | International physical activity questionnaire | To quantitatively assess the average amount of physical activity that patients are capable to perform while receiving regorafenib for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer | Completed | NCT02347852 |
Colorectal Cancer | 35 participants 18 Years and older | Yoga | to determine if individuals with colorectal cancer enjoy yoga and to begin to assess whether yoga is effective in improving attention and immune function in individuals with colorectal cancer compared to physical activity and usual care | Completed | NCT02564835 |
Colon Cancer Rectal Cancer Frailty | 48 participants 18 Years and older | A minimum of four weeks of prehabilitation with exercise three times a week, protein and vitamin supplements, dietitian consultation and medical optimization prior to surgery | Effects of Multimodal Prehabilitation in Colorectal Cancer Patients | Recruiting | NCT04167436 |
Colorectal Cancer Depression Fatigue Psychosocial Effects of Cancer and Its Treatment Sleep Disorders | 962 participants 18 Years and older | 3 phases Phase 1: Intensive intervention for 6 months Phase 2: Reduced intervention for months 6–12 Phase 3: Minimal intervention for months 12–36 | This randomized phase III trial is studying a physical activity program given together with health education materials to see how well it works compared with giving health education materials alone for patients who have undergone treatment for high-risk stage II or stage III colon cancer | Recruiting | NCT00819208 |
Colorectal Cancer Surgery | 500 participants Child, Adult, Older Adult | Exercise therapy during at least 2 weeks | whether prehabilitation is cost-effective in colorectal cancer surgery among individual patients aged 70 years and above or patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of III. We also aim to identify factors facilitating or impairing implementation of prehabilitation such that it is cost-effective | Recruiting | NCT04097795 |
Colorectal Cancer | 30 participants 19 Years to 75 Years | Participants will be instructed to complete four, high-intensity interval training workouts per week at home, for the duration of the 12-week trial | provide us with preliminary evidence for a larger trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two different types of home-based exercise programs on physical outcomes linked with survival, quality of life, and surrogate blood markers of colorectal cancer recurrence | Recruiting | NCT04080414 |
Colorectal Cancer | 70 participants 18 Years and older | Trimodal prehabilitation application in the form of control with the 6-min walking test and podometer of physical activity | To investigate the effects of physical activity on morbidity and mortality and in addition to postoperative recovery | Recruiting | NCT03543514 |
Colorectal Cancer | 80 participants 18 Years and older | Physical activity | how the physical activity level before operation of colon cancer affects the outcome of complication and histology | Recruiting | NCT03947840 |
Colorectal Cancer | 15 participants 50 Years to 90 Years | 30-min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise | evaluate whether adding the exercise serum to colon cancer cells in a dish can reduce the growth of the cells compared to the resting serum | Recruiting | NCT04057274 |
Colorectal Cancer | 300 participants 18 Years to 80 Years | 12-week structured physical activity program | to assess whether a structured physical activity program (PA) during palliative chemotherapy improves progression-free survival (PFS) and/or patient-reported outcomes (ESAS-r) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer | Recruiting | NCT02597075 |
Colorectal Cancer | 300 participants 18 Years and older | Endurance exercise | investigate the efficacy of endurance exercise following adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer | Recruiting | NCT03822572 |
Colorectal Cancer | 72 participants 18 Years and older | Graduated walking programme, strengthening exercises and respiratory muscle training | the effect of home-based prehabilitation on the cardiorespiratory fitness of high-risk colorectal cancer patients awaiting surgery | Active, not recruiting | NCT03336229 |
Colorectal Cancer Rectal Cancer | 48 CRC patients on chemotherapy 18 Years and older | Physical activity tracker wristband and daily text messages delivered to the participants' phones | Determine the feasibility of the intervention via adherence and attrition, and determine the acceptability of the intervention via questionnaires and semi-structured interviews Estimate the effect of the intervention vs. usual care on physical activity, QOL, and symptoms at 12-weeks Explore the impact of the intervention vs. usual care on fitness, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure at 12-weeks | Active, not recruiting | NCT03524716 |