Background
Pathophysiological rationale for ECCO2R in obstructive lung diseases
ECCO2R technical aspects and principle
VV-ECCO2R
AV-ECCO2R
Indications and evidence
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Evidence and clinical trials of ECCO2R in aeCOPD to date
References | No. of patients | ECCO2R characteristics | Time on ECCO2R | Major results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Configuration | Blood flow (mL/min) | Sweep flow (L/min) | Membrane (material); surface in m2 | ||||
ECCO2R to avoid mechanical ventilation | |||||||
Kluge et al. [5] | 21 | Femoral AV with 13- to 15-Fr arterial cannula and 13- to 17-Fr venous cannula | 1100 | Not reported | PMP; 1.3 (iLA®) | 9 days | 19 (90%) PECLA patients did not require intubation Two major and seven minor bleeding complications during PECLA No significant difference in 28-day (24 vs. 19%, p = 0.85), 6-month mortality (33 vs. 33%), or hospital length of stay (23 vs. 42 days, p = 0.06) Significantly fewer tracheostomies in PECLA group (10 vs. 67%, p = 0.004) |
Del Sorbo et al. [4] | 25 | Modified continuous VV hemofiltration system with membrane lung via 14-Fr single dual-lumen cannula (femoral) | 255 | 8 | PLP; 1.35 (Hemodec DecapSmart®) | 1–2 days | Significantly higher risk of intubation in NIV-only group (HR 0.27; 95% CI 0.07–0.98) 13 patients experienced adverse events: three had bleeding, one had vein perforation, and nine had device malfunction |
Braune et al. [43] | 25 | VV configuration via a 22 or 24-Fr single dual-lumen cannula (femoral or jugular) | 1300 | Not reported | PMP; 1.3 (Novalung iLA Activve) | 8.5 days | Intubation was avoided in 14 out of all 25 ECCO2R patients (56%) Seven ECCO2R patients were intubated because of progressive hypoxemia and four due to ventilatory failure despite ECCO2R and NIV Nine ECCO2R patients (36%) suffered from major bleeding complications 90-day mortality rates were 28 vs. 28% |
Study | No. of patients | ECCO2R characteristics | Time on ECCO2R | Major results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Configuration | Blood flow (mL/min) | Sweep flow (mL/min) | Membrane surface (m2) | ||||
ECCO2R to facilitate liberation from mechanical ventilation | |||||||
Abrams et al. [3] | 5 | VV configuration via a 20- to 24-Fr single dual-lumen jugular catheter using lower flow on ECMO system | 1700 | 1–7 | PMP; 0.98 (Maquet PALP CardioHelp) | 8 days | Mean (SD) time to ambulation after ECCO2R initiation was 29.4 ± 12.6 h Four patients were discharged home, and one underwent planned lung transplantation Only two minor bleeding complications |
Cardenas et al. [46] | 1 | VV configuration with pediatric dual-lumen jugular cannula | 800 | 10 | PMP; 1.8 (Quadrox-d, Maquet) | 3.6 days | Patient extubated 48 h after decannulation. No complications reported |
Roncon et al. [47] | |||||||
ECCO2R with mixed indications | |||||||
Burki [42] | 20 | VV configuration via a 15.5-Fr single dual-lumen catheter (femoral or jugular) | 430 | Not reported | PLP with a base of siloxane layer; 0.59 (ALung Hemolung RAS) | 2–192 h | 20 hypercapnic COPD patients received ECCO2R in three distinct groups: group 1 (n = 7) NIV patients with high risk of IMV; group 2 (n = 2) could not be weaned from NIV; and group 3 (n = 11) on IMV and failed to wean IMV avoided in all patient in group 1 Both patients in group 2 weaned from NIV In group 3, three patients weaned, and IMV was reduced in two patients One patient died due to a retroperitoneal hemorrhage (during cannulation) |
ECCO2R to avoid IMV
ECCO2R to facilitate weaning from IMV
Future studies on ECCO2R for COPD
ClinicalTrials.gov number | Title | Type of study | Hypothesis/primary outcome | Estimated enrollment | Device | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECCO2R to avoid mechanical ventilation | ||||||
NCT02564406 | Extracorporeal CO2 removal in hypercapnic patients | Interventional single-group trial | Retrospectively assess the efficacy and safety of noninvasive ventilation-plus-extracorporeal CO2 removal in patients who fail NIV and refuse endotracheal intubation Primary outcome: Number of patients who avoided endotracheal intubation | 35 patients | ProLUNG [Estor] | Completed |
NCT03692117 | Prospective cohort study | Primary outcome: Incidence of avoiding endotracheal intubation | 30 patients | Not specified | Recruiting | |
ECCO2R as an alternative or adjunct to invasive mechanical ventilation | ||||||
NCT03255057 | Extracorporeal CO2 removal for mechanical ventilation avoidance during acute exacerbation of COPD (VENT-AVOID) | Multicenter randomized controlled trial | ECCO2R can be safely used to avoid or reduce time on invasive mechanical ventilation compared to COPD patients treated with standard-of-care mechanical ventilation alone Primary outcome: Ventilator-free days at day 60 from randomization | 500 patients | Hemolung | Recruiting |
ECCO2R physiological studies | ||||||
NCT02586948 | Physiological study of minimally invasive ECCO2R in exacerbations of COPD requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (EPHEBE) | Interventional single-group trial | The addition of minimally invasive ECCO2R is likely to limit dynamic hyperinflation in COPD patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for an acute exacerbation while improving gas exchange Primary outcome: PEEPi at baseline and after ECCO2R by the device and adjustment of ventilator settings, expressed in cmH20 | 12 patients | Hemolung | Completed |
NCT02590575 | Interventional single-group trial | Test the effectiveness of a membrane gas exchange device in the veno-venous circulation of continuous renal replacement therapy for the purpose of CO2 elimination and pH compensation The primary outcome is the modification of the PaCO2 and/or the ventilator settings (tidal volume VT and plateau pressure Pplat) | 20 patients | Prismalung | Completed |
Severe acute asthma
References | ECCO2R technique | Major findings |
---|---|---|
Sakai et al. [52] | Extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA); 22 Fr drainage and 18 Fr return femoro-femoral cannula with a median blood flow rate of 1.7–2 L/min | 23 year old Gas exchange with IMV before ECCO2R: pH 7.02, paCO2 100 mmHg, PaO2 50 mmHg (FiO2 100%) Weaning achieved after 20 h of ECLA was commenced Extubation 2 days after ECLA No complications reported |
Elliot et al. [53] | Femoral AV pumpless extracorporeal lung assist (PECLA) 15-Fr arterial cannula and 17-Fr venous cannula with a mean extracorporeal blood flow of 1.5 L/min | Case 1: 74 year old. Gas exchange with IMV before ECCO2R: pH 6.87, paCO2 147 mmHg. Extubation after 48 h of ECLA. Complications: Coagulation of membrane that needed changing. Bleeding through femoral artery Case 2: 52 year old. Gas exchange with IMV before ECCO2R: pH 7.2, paCO2 130 mmHg. ECCO2R duration: 5 days Extubated on intensive care day 11. No complications reported |
Jung et al. [54] | Femoral AV pumpless extracorporeal lung assist (PECLA) 15-Fr arterial cannula and 17-Fr venous cannula with a mean extracorporeal blood flow of > 1.5 L/min | 42 year old No gas exchange before IMV reported. Patient successfully extubated and transferred from the ICU on day 14 of admission No complications reported |
Brenner et al. [51] | Dual-lumen catheter 20–23 Fr bicaval, inserted into the right internal jugular vein with blood flow of 1.3 to 1.8 L/min | Case 1: 48 years old. Gas exchange with IMV before ECCO2R: pH 6.94, paCO2 147 mmHg, PaO2 416 mmHg (FiO2 100%). Successfully extubated while on ECCO2R and discharged from ICU. No complications reported Case 2: 59 years old. Gas exchange with IMV before ECCO2R: pH 7.12, paCO2 78 mmHg, PaO2 112 mmHg (FiO2 100%). ECCO2R duration: 9 days. Ventilator support discontinued on day 28 due to critical illness neuromyopathy |
Schneider et al. [55] | Awake dual-lumen catheter 22 Fr bicaval, inserted into the right internal jugular vein with blood flow of 0.6–1.5 L/min | 67 years old Gas exchange before ECCO2R (on NIV): pH 7.24, paCO2 61 mmHg, PaO2 289 mmHg (FiO2 100%) Thirty-four hours after initiating ECCO2R, the patient was weaned entirely from NIV, and the cannula could be removed without any complication. On day 4, the patient was discharged from the ICU without the need for supplemental oxygen and 6 days later, discharged from hospital without any impairment |
Complications
Patient-related complications | Anticoagulation-related bleeding Hemolysis Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Acquired coagulopathy Recirculation |
Catheter-related complications | Catheter-site bleeding Catheter malposition, dislodgement or kinking Catheter infection Vascular occlusion Thrombosis Hematoma, aneurism, pseudoaneurysm formation |
Device-related complications | Pump failure Oxygenator failure Heat-exchanger malfunction Clot formation Air embolism |