Background
Methods
Sample
Instruments
Statistical procedure
Results
Descriptive item analysis
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
TICS original factor | Two-factor solution | Nine-factor solution | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item |
h
2
| Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
h
2
| Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 | Factor 7 | Factor 8 | Factor 9 |
Work Overload
| 11.0% | ||||||||||||
01 | .28 |
.48
| .08 | .41 | -.02 | .12 | -.02 | .08 | -.13 |
.40
| .21 | .00 | .19 |
04 | .37 |
.53
| .12 | .51 | .04 | .01 | -.01 | -.03 | .01 |
.42
|
.33
| .15 | .03 |
17 | .50 |
.72
| -.01 | .62 | .07 | -.02 | .12 | .15 | -.05 | .17 |
.57
| -.03 | .04 |
27 | .55 |
.80
| -.11 | .65 | .07 | .00 | .19 | .00 | -.03 | .05 |
.60
| .02 | .12 |
38 | .54 |
.66
| .11 | .62 | .10 | .00 | .09 | .07 | .13 | .00 |
.50
| .09 | .16 |
44 | .53 |
.64
| .15 | .64 | .10 | .07 | .06 | .12 | -.09 | .10 |
.52
| .16 | .10 |
50 $ | .49 |
.70
| .00 | .60 | .00 | .07 | .04 | -.06 | .03 | .13 |
.52
| .10 | .22 |
54 | .51 |
.46
|
.35
| .63 | -.02 | .10 | -.05 | .05 | .11 | .08 |
.34
|
.37
| .21 |
Social Overload
| 6.9% | ||||||||||||
07 | .49 |
.82
| -.28 | .57 | .08 | -.10 |
.31
| .02 | -.11 | .23 | .02 | -.06 |
.41
|
19 | .50 |
.65
| .10 | .53 | .11 | -.12 | .08 | .19 | .06 | .18 | .15 | .10 | .29 |
28 | .50 |
.64
| .11 | .55 | .12 | -.03 | .03 | .20 | .04 | .05 | .24 | .05 |
.38
|
39 $ | .44 |
.73
| -.12 | .59 | .03 | -.06 | .10 | .11 | .06 | .03 | .07 | -.05 |
.63
|
49 | .44 |
.77
| -.24 | .58 | -.05 | -.02 | .27 | -.02 | .00 | .10 | .00 | .02 |
.58
|
57 | .50 |
.46
|
.34
| .59 | .14 | .00 | -.12 | .10 | .14 | .07 | .21 | .28 |
.31
|
Pressure to Perform
| 7.8% | ||||||||||||
08 | .45 |
.68
| -.02 | .58 | .08 | -.06 |
.51
| .16 | .00 | .19 | -.03 | .00 | .15 |
12 | .36 |
.36
|
.32
| .45 | .10 | .15 |
.37
| .16 | .12 | .17 | .00 | -.03 | .00 |
14 | .48 |
.67
| .04 | .54 | .21 | -.05 |
.45
| -.03 | .08 | .09 | .15 | .11 | .03 |
22 | .48 |
.76
| -.13 | .60 | -.03 | -.01 |
.58
| .00 | .05 | .05 | .08 | .08 | .21 |
23 | .36 |
.65
| -.10 | .54 | -.04 | .03 |
.65
| .03 | .03 | .00 | .09 | .05 | .08 |
30 | .37 |
.48
| .19 | .43 | .14 | .16 |
.32
| .16 | -.03 | .06 | .09 | -.03 | .16 |
32 $ | .48 |
.75
| -.13 | .60 | .03 | .01 |
.59
| -.07 | .03 | .01 | .10 | .11 | .18 |
40 | .43 |
.51
| .21 | .52 | .15 | .03 |
.38
| .14 | .19 | -.06 | .01 | .04 | .21 |
43 # | .58 |
.85
| -.20 | .66 | .03 | .04 |
.44
| .03 | -.08 | .00 | .23 | -.01 |
.35
|
Work Discontent
| 10.2% | ||||||||||||
05 | .36 |
.44
| .23 | .55 | .16 | -.12 | .08 | -.02 |
.38
| .25 |
.32
| .01 | -.12 |
10 | .35 | -.17 |
.67
| .46 | .01 | .19 | -.02 | .18 |
.47
| .11 | -.14 | -.02 | -.02 |
13 | .34 |
.44
| .20 | .47 | .13 | -.10 | .19 | .06 |
.37
| .13 | .28 | -.05 | -.09 |
21 $ | .43 | -.07 |
.69
| .54 | .00 | .18 | .08 | .16 |
.49
| .06 | -.07 | .10 | -.07 |
37 | .45 |
.37
|
.39
| .55 | .23 | -.06 | .02 | .13 |
.31
| -.09 |
.31
| .15 | .04 |
41 | .43 | -.23 |
.75
| .52 | .09 | .28 | .05 | .16 |
.42
| -.16 | -.07 | .09 | -.06 |
48 | .33 | .28 |
.37
| .46 | .05 | .02 | -.01 | -.06 |
.46
| .16 | .01 | .13 | .21 |
53 | .45 | -.02 |
.68
| .55 | .04 |
.31
| -.02 | .10 |
.46
| -.01 | .01 | .03 | .14 |
Excessive Demands at Work
| 8.3% | ||||||||||||
03 | .39 | .24 |
.46
| .52 | .05 | .06 | .06 | .08 | .05 |
.41
| .00 |
.35
| -.08 |
20 | .45 | .22 |
.52
| .58 | .09 | -.01 | .12 | .15 | .04 | .15 | .01 |
.53
| -.10 |
24 | .44 | .17 |
.55
| .60 | .13 | .04 | .05 | .12 | -.01 | .05 | -.04 |
.62
| .01 |
35 | .50 | .18 |
.59
| .58 | .14 | .09 | .13 | .19 | .07 | -.04 | .05 |
.47
| -.03 |
47 | .38 | .15 |
.52
| .47 | -.05 | .15 | -.02 | .15 | .05 | .06 | .13 |
.44
| .05 |
55 $ | .48 | .22 |
.55
| .62 | .07 | .10 | .02 | .05 | .09 | .00 | .09 |
.59
| .07 |
Lack of Social Recognition
| 9.0% | ||||||||||||
02 | .32 |
.31
|
.33
| .49 | .08 | .05 | -.05 | .07 | .15 |
.53
| -.06 | .03 | .13 |
18 | .43 |
.32
|
.42
| .47 | .16 | .00 | .10 | .07 | .17 | .24 | .03 | .25 | .00 |
31 $ | .44 | .25 |
.49
| .48 | .21 | .09 | .02 | .00 | .17 | .14 | .00 |
.33
| .11 |
46 | .44 |
.39
|
.36
| .51 | .20 | .00 | .01 | -.05 | .27 | .14 | .08 | .25 | .18 |
Social Tensions
| 8.1% | ||||||||||||
06 | .44 |
.38
|
.37
| .57 |
.49
| .00 | .09 | .07 | .12 | .26 | .01 | -.03 | .02 |
15 | .39 |
.30
|
.40
| .59 |
.63
| -.03 | .08 | .10 | .02 | .18 | .00 | -.01 | -.04 |
26 | .46 | .21 |
.54
| .61 |
.59
| .04 | -.01 | .15 | .05 | .00 | .02 | .11 | .03 |
33 | .49 |
.30
|
.49
| .56 |
.48
| .11 | .09 | .07 | .06 | .02 | .11 | .12 | .02 |
45 | .53 | .25 |
.56
| .67 |
.58
| .10 | -.02 | .14 | .00 | -.08 | .12 | .16 | .07 |
52 $ | .44 | .16 |
.56
| .59 |
.59
| .18 | -.08 | .00 | .07 | .01 | .06 | .08 | .08 |
Social Isolation
| 10.1% | ||||||||||||
11 | .41 | -.29 |
.75
| .55 | -.05 |
.63
| .05 | .15 | .05 | .12 | -.03 | .01 | -.12 |
29 | .46 | .14 |
.59
| .50 | .13 |
.40
| .07 | .16 | .03 | .09 | .07 | .07 | .11 |
34 | .53 | -.14 |
.79
| .58 | .21 |
.50
| .01 | .17 | .01 | -.03 | .01 | .14 | -.02 |
42 $,# | .53 |
-.30
|
.85
| .67 | .09 |
.68
| .03 | .10 | .09 | -.03 | .02 | .05 | -.07 |
51 | .53 | -.28 |
.85
| .70 | .07 |
.75
| -.02 | .01 | .07 | -.01 | .03 | .10 | .00 |
56 | .43 | -.14 |
.72
| .51 | .04 |
.53
| -.05 | .12 | .13 | .07 | .00 | .02 | .09 |
Chronic Worrying
| 8.1% | ||||||||||||
09 | .35 | .17 |
.48
| .46 | .11 | .07 | .09 |
.44
| .05 | .21 | -.08 | .00 | .03 |
16 | .39 | .08 |
.57
| .59 | .06 | .11 | .00 |
.63
| -.02 | .18 | -.02 | -.04 | .01 |
25 | .47 | .12 |
.61
| .58 | .02 | .04 | -.03 |
.55
| .07 | .03 | .07 | .21 | .03 |
36 $ | .49 | .07 |
.66
| .68 | .04 | .08 | -.04 |
.68
| .05 | -.08 | .08 | .13 | .07 |
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
Configural invariance
Model tested | Absolute fit | Comparison to less-constrained (or baseline) model | Comparative fit | Parsimony fit | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| c1
| SB χ2
|
df
| SB χ2/df
| Δdf
|
T
S
(ΔSB χ2) | AIC | TLI | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA a
| |
Factorial Invariance
| ||||||||||||
Two-factor model | 1,149 | 1.259 | 11,847.949*** | 1,538 | 7.7 | 157,955 | .747 | .756 | .078 | .067 | ||
Nine-factor model | 1,149 | 1.250 | 7,383.383*** | 1,500 | 4.9 | 38 | 2,765.7*** | 153,564 | .855 | .863 | .071 | .051 |
Measurement Invariance (Gender)
| ||||||||||||
Female | 622 | 1.209 | 4,837.946*** | 1,500 | 3.2 | 82,414 | .858 | .867 | .071 | .052 | ||
Male | 527 | 1.220 | 4,720.306*** | 1,500 | 3.1 | 71,065 | .830 | .840 | .077 | .055 | ||
Baseline Model | 1,149 | 1.211 | 9,665.630*** | 3,048 | 3.2 | 153,488 | .846 | .853 | .075 | .053 | ||
Partial measurement invariance b
| 1,149 | 1.209 | 9,761.882*** | 3,099 | 3.2 | 51 | 88.4** | 153,482 | .847 | .852 | .077 | .053 |
Full measurement invariance c
| 1,149 | 1.210 | 9,874.099*** | 3,157 | 3.1 | 58 (109) | 88.8*** (176.4***) | 153,482 | .849 | .851 | .078 | .053 |
Measurement Invariance (Age)
| ||||||||||||
Young (14-47) | 540 | 1.193 | 4,562.580*** | 1,500 | 3.0 | 73,432 | .834 | .844 | .075 | .054 | ||
Old (48-99) | 609 | 1.251 | 4,743.958*** | 1,500 | 3.2 | 79,730 | .863 | .871 | .068 | .050 | ||
Baseline Model | 1,149 | 1.219 | 9,481.756*** | 3,048 | 3.1 | 153,245 | .849 | .856 | .073 | .052 | ||
Partial measurement invariance b
| 1,149 | 1.215 | 9,571.958*** | 3,099 | 3.1 | 51 | 92.4*** | 153,236 | .850 | .854 | .075 | .052 |
Full measurement invariance c
| 1,149 | 1.217 | 9,812.218*** | 3,157 | 3.1 | 58 (109) | 181.5*** (248.6***) | 153,358 | .849 | .850 | .076 | .052 |
Measurement invariance
Effects of gender and age
Scale | Items | Range a
| Reliabilities | Skewness | Kurtosis |
M (SD)
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cronbach's α | Split-half b
| ISC range | Total sample | 14-44 years | 45-64 years | 65-99 years | Women | Men | |||||
N = 2,339 |
N = 1,087 |
N = 746 |
N = 506 |
N = 1,231 |
N = 1,108 | ||||||||
Work Overload | 8 | 0-31(0-32) | .88 | .87 | .52-.74 | .24*** | -.48*** | 9.8 (6.22) | 11.4*** (5.85) | 9.8*** (6.11) | 6.4 (5.74) | 10.0 (6.28) | 9.6 (6.16) |
Social Overload | 6 | 0-24(0-24) | .86 | .87 | .57-.69 | .27*** | -.48*** | 7.5 (4.97) | 8.4** (4.82) | 7.6*** (4.78) | 5.2 (4.89) | 7.8** (5.10) | 7.1 (4.81) |
Pressure to Perform | 9 | 0-35(0-36) | .90 | .90 | .58-.72 | .09 | -.53*** | 12.3 (7.10) | 14.2*** (6.65) | 12.1*** (6.89) | 8.5 (6.78) | 11.9** (7.07) | 12.7 (7.11) |
Work Discontent | 8 | 0-32(0-32) | .85 | .85 | .53-.66 | .25*** | -.30** | 9.7 (5.55) | 10.3 (5.49) | 9.7*** (5.55) | 8.1 (5.35) | 9.6 (5.58) | 9.7 (5.51) |
Excessive Demands at Work | 6 | 0-24(0-24) | .87 | .87 | .61-.71 | .63*** | -.06 | 5.6 (4.28) | 5.9 (4.29) | 5.5 (4.13) | 5.1 (4.43) | 5.7 (4.30) | 5.5 (4.26) |
Lack of Social Recognition | 4 | 0-16(0-16) | .81 | .82 | .58-.67 | .42*** | -.39*** | 4.5 (3.21) | 5.0** (3.19) | 4.6*** (3.10) | 3.3 (3.10) | 4.5 (3.22) | 4.5 (3.20) |
Social Tensions | 6 | 0-24(0-24) | .88 | .88 | .65-.73 | .56*** | -.11 | 6.1 (4.55) | 6.8** (4.41) | 6.1*** (4.48) | 4.7 (4.63) | 6.0 (4.54) | 6.2 (4.56) |
Social Isolation | 6 | 0-24(0-24) | .82 | .81 | .56-.71 | .59*** | -.07 | 4.6 (3.41) | 6.9 (4.84) | 7.3 (4.98) | 7.3 (5.43) | 7.5*** (5.14) | 6.7 (4.84) |
Chronic Worrying | 4 | 0-16(0-16) | .83 | .84 | .58-.71 | .53*** | -.06 | 4.8 (3.34) | 4.9 (3.35) | 4.9* (3.32) | 4.4 (3.34) | 5.0*** (3.39) | 4.5 (3.27) |
Chronic Stress Screening Scale | 12 | 0-46(0-48) | .91 | .88 | .55-.71 | .33*** | -.48*** | 13.3 (8.34) | 14.4* (8.31) | 13.4*** (8.08) | 11.0 (8.34) | 13.7* (8.46) | 12.9 (8.18) |