Background
Methods
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Study measurements
Physical measurements
Waist circumference measurement
Blood pressure measurement
Laboratory measurements
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Baseline characteristics of T2DM subjects and controls
Variable | T2DM subjects | Controls |
P- Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 302 | 310 | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 57.6 ± 9.4 | 57.2 ± 9.5 | 0.65 |
Hypertension, n(%) | 213 (70.5) | 75 (24.5) | <0.0001 |
Female gender, n (%) | 178 (58.9) | 181 (58.4) | 0.95 |
SBP, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 148.2 ± 20.5 | 130.4 ± 22.7 | <0.0001 |
DBP, mmHg (Mean ± SD) | 82.6 ± 12.6 | 77.6 ± 12.7 | <0.0001 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 159 (52.6) | 24 (11.4) | <0.0001 |
Alcohol, n (%) | 87 (28.8) | 120 (29.0) | 0.96 |
Smoking, n (%) | 22 (7.3) | 15 (4.8) | 0.24 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 27.9 (21.5–31.5) | 27.0 (24–30.3) | 0.03 |
Waist Circumference, cm, median (IQR) | 98 (90–106) | 94 (84–100.8) | <0.0001 |
Central obesity, n (%) | 210 (69.5) | 121 (39.0) | <0.0001 |
HbA1c,%, median (IQR) | 8.2 (6.9–9.6) | 5.2 (5.0–5.4) | <0.0001 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L, (Mean ± SD) | 10.4 ± 5.4 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 |
Creatinine,μmol/L, median (IQR) | 84 (62–106.8) | 77 (63–99) | 0.21 |
Thyroid dysfunction, n (%) | 56 (18.5) | 40 (12.9) | 0.06 |
Thyroid autoimmunity, n (%) | 64 (21.2) | 12 (3.9) | <0.0001 |
Positive TPOAb, n (%) | 44 (14.7) | 6 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
Positive TGAb, n (%) | 5 (1.7) | 3 (0.9) | 0.99 |
Positive TPOAb + TGAb n (%) | 15 (5.0) | 3 (0.9) | 0.004 |
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity between the two groups
Frequency of thyroid thyroid dysfunction among autoimmunity positive participants
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of T2DM subjects according to autoantibody status
Variable | Positive Thyroid autoimmunity | Negative thyroid autoimmunity | P |
---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | 64 (21.2) | 239 (78.8) | <0.0001 |
Female Gender, n (%) | 58 (70) | 138 (57.7) | 0.04 |
Age, years, (mean ± SD) | 57.5 ± 9.0 | 57.4 ± 9.5 | 0.93 |
Duration of T2DM, median (IQR) | 5 (3–10) | 5 (2–10) | 0.49 |
Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 140 (130–160) | 139 (130–150) | 0.33 |
Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 85.5 (70–90) | 80 (72–90) | 0.31 |
Smoking, n (%) | 7 (13.0) | 15 (6.3) | 0.27 |
Alcohol, n (%) | 31 (48.4) | 86 (36.0) | 0.08 |
BMI, Kg/m2, median (IQR) | 24.7 (24.8–30.4) | 26.9 (24.5–32.1) | 0.79 |
Waist circumference, cm, median (IQR) | 99 (88–109) | 95 (86–102) | 0.04 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 9.7 (8.7–11.2) | 7.6 (6.7–9.4) | <0.0001 |
HbA1c % median IQR | 8.2 (6.8–9.8) | 6.1 (5.2–9.6) | <0.001 |
TC median IQR | 6.03 (4.7–7.06) | 4.9 (3.9–5.7) | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L median IQR | 3.87 (2.83–5.08) | 2.90 (2.0–3.60) | <0.0001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L median (IQR) | 1.22 (1.0–1.45) | 1.18 (1.0–1.5) | 0.41 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.25 (0.99-1.67) | 1.19 (0.9-1.60) | 0.18 |
Creatinine, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 84 (62–106) | 77 (63–99) | 0.21 |
TSH, pmol/L, median (IQR) | 3.4 (0.1–8.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.8) | <0.04 |
Associations of thyroid autoimmunity in T2DM subjects
Variable | Unadjusted Odds ratio 95% CI |
p-value | Adjusted Odds ratio 95% CI |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
For each 10 years older | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) | 0.96 | - | - |
Gender | ||||
Female | 4.45 (2.17–9.15) | <0.0001 | 3.16 (1.46–6.87) | 0.004 |
Male | 1.00 | |||
Thyroid function | ||||
Euthyroidism | 1.00 | - | ||
Clinical hyperthyroidism | 1.98 (1.04–3.04) | <0.0001 | 1.41 (1.20–1.98) | <0.0001 |
Clinical hypothyroidism | 2.21 (2.11–3.41) | <0.0001 | 1.61 (1.35–2.23) | <0.0001 |
Subclinical hyperthyroidism | 2.5 (2.19–2.90) | <0.0001 | 2.19 (1.70–2.58) | <0.0001 |
Subclinical hypothyroidism | 5.0 (4.60–5.50) | <0.0001 | 3.57 (2.74–3.82) | <0.0001 |
Glycaemic state | ||||
For every 1% increase in HbA1c | 1.83 (1.53–2.19) | <0.0001 | 1.46 (1.23–1.73) | <0.0001 |
Cholesterol status | ||||
For 1 mmol increase in total Cholesterol | 1.55 (1.28–1.87) | <0.0001 | 1.44 (1.17–1.77) | 0.01 |