Introduction
Comparisons between DD and SZ cohorts
Adjusting for age in the exploration of DD vs. SZ differences
Methods
Study design and participants
Assessments
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline comparisons
Baseline variables,† mean (SD) | DD (n = 46) | SZ (n = 71) | Statistics | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (46, 71) | 42.5 (7.8) | 40.8 (8.7) | t = 1.04 | 0.299 | |||
Male, n (%) (46, 71) | 21 (45.7) | 30 (42.3) | X2 = 0.13 | 0.717 | |||
Employed, n (%) (46, 71) | 29 (63.0) | 38 (53.5) | X2 = 1.03a | 0.309 | |||
Years of education (46, 71) | 9.8 (4.2) | 10.1 (3.6) | t = -0.47 | 0.636 | |||
Years of JCEP intervention (46, 71) | 2.3 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.6) | t = 2.55 | 0.012 | |||
Duration of untreated psychosis (days) (46, 71) | 700.5 (1076.7) | 541.9 (1167.0) | Z = -1.09 | 0.276 | |||
Total CPZe, mg/d (45, 69) | 166.4 (145.3) | 190.6 (136.2) | t = -0.90 | 0.368 | |||
Comorbidity, n (%) (5, 1) | X2 = 1.20 | 0.549 | |||||
Affective disorder | 2 (40.0) | 1 (100.0) | |||||
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
Other comorbid conditions | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
PANSS (46, 71) | |||||||
Total | 50.1 (13.9) | 48.1 (13.7) | t = 0.74 | 0.462 | |||
Positive | 10.7 (4.3) | 10.0 (4.1) | t = 0.93 | 0.356 | |||
Negative | 9.6 (3.6) | 10.5 (5.0) | t = -1.07 | 0.287 | |||
General psychopathology | 25.8 (8.1) | 24.0 (7.6) | t = 1.21 | 0.229 | |||
SOFAS‡ (46, 71) | 56.5 (14.7) | 57.6 (11.1) | t = -0.41 | 0.681 |
Diagnostic stability
Clinical outcomes
Outcomes,† mean (SD) | DD (n = 46) | SZ (n = 71) | B (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PANSS (41, 66) | |||||
Total | 40.0 (8.8) | 38.3 (9.4) | -2.16 (-5.83 to 1.50) | 0.245 | |
Positive | 8.6 (2.4) | 8.7 (3.7) | -0.01 (-1.31 to 1.29) | 0.989 | |
Negative | 9.7 (3.4) | 10.1 (3.8) | 0.32 (-1.16 to 1.80) | 0.670 | |
General psychopathology | 21.7 (5.0) | 19.6 (4.2) | -2.47 (-4.26 to -0.68) | 0.007‡ | |
Mood (41, 66) | |||||
CDSS total | 1.6 (2.6) | 1.1 (1.8) | -0.63 (-1.49 to 0.23) | 0.147 | |
YMRS total | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.4 (1.6) | 0.33 (-0.20 to 0.86) | 0.215 |
Outcomes,† mean (SD) | DD (n = 46) | SZ (n = 71) | B (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total CPZe, mg/d (35, 60) | 204.6 (163.8) | 262.1 (243.8) | 50.60 (-43.07 to 144.28) | 0.286 | |
Side Effects | |||||
SIMS mean (36, 62) | 0.03 (0.1) | 0.02 (0.1) | -0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02) | 0.482 | |
BARS global (36, 62) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | -0.01 (-0.18 to 0.16) | 0.877 | |
AIMS mean (36, 62) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.02 (0.1) | 0.03 (-0.004 to 0.06) | 0.082 | |
UKU psychic mean (36, 60) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.06 (-0.04 to 0.16) | 0.243 | |
UKU neurological mean (36, 60) | 0.03 (0.1) | 0.05 (0.1) | 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.05) | 0.521 | |
UKU autonomic mean (36, 60) | 0.03 (0.1) | 0.04 (0.1) | 0.01 (-0.03 to 0.05) | 0.725 | |
UKU others (36, 60) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.1) | 0.01 (-0.01 to 0.03) | 0.399 | |
Insight SUMD (41, 66) | |||||
Total | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.5) | -0.36 (-0.60 to -0.13) | 0.003‡ | |
Awareness of mental disorder | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.6) | -0.50 (-0.76 to -0.24) | < 0.001‡ | |
Consequences of mental disorder | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.6) | -0.39 (-0.66 to -0.13) | 0.004‡ | |
Effects of medication | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.6) | -0.20 (-0.47 to 0.07) | 0.152 | |
MCQ – attitudes (34, 50) | 2.5 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.4) | -0.17 (-0.33 to -0.01) | 0.038 | |
MCQ – behaviours (34, 50) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.6) | 0.13 (-0.15 to 0.40) | 0.360 |
Functioning and neurocognitive outcomes
Outcomes† | DD (n = 46) | SZ (n = 71) | B (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of relapses*, mean (SD) (41, 66) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.23 (-0.19 to 0.65) | 0.280 | |
Social and occupational functioning, mean (SD) (41, 66) | |||||
Working/studying (n, %) | 26 (63.4%) | 44 (66.7%) | 0.84 (0.37 to 1.93) | 0.685 | |
SOFAS‡ | 59.7 (10.6) | 61.1 (8.8) | 1.72 (-2.10 to 5.53) | 0.375 | |
RFS§ work productivity | 4.8 (1.7) | 5.0 (1.6) | 0.22 (-0.44 to 0.88) | 0.508 | |
RFS§ independent living/ self-care | 6.1 (0.9) | 6.0 (0.7) | -0.02 (-0.35 to 0.30) | 0.894 | |
RFS§ immediate social network | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.1) | 0.31 (-0.11 to 0.73) | 0.145 | |
RFS§ extended social network | 4.8 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.1) | 0.27 (-0.16 to 0.70) | 0.212 | |
Cognitive functioning, mean (SD) | |||||
Logical memory test – immediate (36, 53) | 10.1 (4.9) | 9.7 (4.9) | -0.19 (-2.33 to 1.95) | 0.862 | |
Logical memory test – delay (36, 53) | 7.9 (4.6) | 7.2 (4.9) | -0.58 (-2.68 to 1.53) | 0.586 | |
Digit Symbol, adjusted to chronological age (35, 53) | 8.3 (4.1) | 8.7 (3.5) | 0.79 (-0.81 to 2.39) | 0.329 | |
Verbal Fluency – correct response (29, 46) | 16.8 (7.1) | 16.9 (5.3) | 0.31 (-2.59 to 3.21) | 0.833 | |
Digit span – forward (36, 55) | 12.0 (2.2) | 12.2 (1.9) | 0.26 (-0.61 to 1.13) | 0.557 | |
Digit span – backward (36, 55) | 7.0 (3.2) | 6.5 (3.1) | -0.32 (-1.68 to 1.04) | 0.642 | |
Visual patterns test – correct items (35, 54) | 15.8 (6.8) | 16.4 (5.3) | 1.12 (-1.46 to 3.70) | 0.392 | |
WCST, perseveration error (35, 54) | 4.4 (4.5) | 7.2 (8.7) | 2.67 (-0.60 to 5.94) | 0.108 | |
Quality of life, mean (SD) (36, 54) | |||||
SF-12 – mental component | 59.2 (27.4) | 65.6 (23.1) | 8.40 (-2.35 to 19.16) | 0.124 | |
SF-12 – physical component | 64.7 (30.5) | 66.8 (27.4) | 3.93 (-8.54 to 16.39) | 0.533 |