nach oben

Erschienen in:

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel Zur Zeit gratis

19. Geburtshilfliche Zervixsonografie und Diagnostik der drohenden Frühgeburt

verfasst von : Bettina Hollwitz, Dr. med.

Erschienen in: Ultraschalldiagnostik in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Das drängendste klinische Problem der Geburtshilfe ist die Frühgeburtlichkeit. Zur Erkennung einer Frühgeburtsgefahr hat sich der transvaginale Zervixultraschall im Laufe der letzten 30 Jahre als Standardmethode etabliert. Sowohl in der Screeningsituation mit und ohne anamnestische Risiken als auch bei der notfallmäßigen Vorstellung symptomatischer Schwangerer vor Erreichen der fetalen Reife im Kreißsaal ist die Zervixsonografie ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug, zumal inzwischen wirksame und effiziente Therapieoptionen bezüglich ihrer korrekten Indikation und Durchführung genauer charakterisiert werden konnten. Hierbei kommt v.a. der Progesteron-Prophylaxe eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Die Vaginalsonographie kann somit einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Vermeidung von Frühgeburten leisten und so nicht nur menschliches Leid(en) verhindern, sondern auch im erheblichen Maß Kosten sparen helfen.

Abdel-Aleem H, Shaaban OM, Abdel-Aleem MA (2010) Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD007873

Althuisius SM, Dekker GA, Hummel P et al (2001) Final results of the Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): therapeutic cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185(5):1106–1112CrossRefPubMed

Andersen HF (1991) Transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography of the uterine cervix during pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound 19(2):77–83CrossRefPubMed

Andersen HF, Nugent CE, Wanty SD et al (1990) Prediction of risk for preterm delivery by ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163(3):859–867CrossRefPubMed

Arabin B, Halbesma JR, Vork F et al (2003) Is treatment with vaginal pessaries an option in patients with a sonographically detected short cervix? J Perinat Med 31(2):122–133CrossRefPubMed

Balde MD, Stolz W, Unteregger B et al (1988) Transvaginal echography. An application in the diagnosis of cervical incompetence. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 17(5):629–633

Bartha JL, Romero-Carmona R, Martinez-Del-Fresno P et al (2005) Bishop score and transvaginal ultrasound for preinduction cervical assessment: a randomized clinical trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 25(2):155–159CrossRefPubMed

Belej-Rak T, Okun N, Windrim R et al (2003) Effectiveness of cervical cerclage for a sonographically shortened cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(6):1679–1687CrossRefPubMed

Berghella V, Hayes E, Visintine J et al (2008) Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD006843

Berghella V, Keeler SM, To MS et al (2010) Effectiveness of cerclage according to severity of cervical length shortening: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 35(4):468–473CrossRefPubMed

Berghella V, Mackeen AD (2011) Cervical length screening with ultrasound-indicated cerclage compared with history-indicated cerclage for prevention of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 118(1):148–155CrossRefPubMed

Berghella V, Ness A, Bega G et al (2005) Cervical sonography in women with symptoms of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 32(3):383–396CrossRefPubMed

Berghella V, Odibo AO, To MS et al (2005) Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography: meta-analysis of trials using individual patient-level data. Obstet Gynecol 106(1):181–189CrossRefPubMed

Berghella V, Odibo AO, Tolosa JE (2004) Cerclage for prevention of preterm birth in women with a short cervix found on transvaginal ultrasound examination: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(4):1311–1317CrossRefPubMed

Berghella V, Rafael TJ, Szychowski JM et al (2011) Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography in women with singleton gestations and previous preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 117(3):663–671CrossRefPubMed

Blikman MJ, Le TM, Bruinse HW et al (2008) Ultrasound-predicated versus history-predicated cerclage in women at risk of cervical insufficiency: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 63(12):803–812CrossRefPubMed

Bittar RE, da Fonseca EB, de Carvalho MH et al (2007) Predicting preterm delivery in asymptomatic patients with prior preterm delivery by measurement of cervical length and phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29(5):562–567CrossRefPubMed

Böhmer S, Degenhardt F, Gerlach C et al (1989) Vaginal sonography as a method of study in the evaluation of cervix insufficiency. A useful complement to vaginal palpation? Ultraschall Med 10(1):19–24CrossRefPubMed

Böhmer S, Degenhardt F, Gerlach C et al (1989) Vaginal sonography versus vaginal palpation: initial experiences in 120 pregnant patients with suspected cervix insufficiency. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol 193(3):115–123PubMed

Bolt LA, Chandiramani M, De Greeff A et al (2011) The value of combined cervical length measurement and fetal fibronectin testing to predict spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic high-risk women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 24(7):928–932CrossRefPubMed

Boozarjomehri F, Timor-Tritsch I, Chao CR et al (1994) Transvaginal ultrasonographic evaluation of the cervix before labor: presence of cervical wedging is associated with shorter duration of induced labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171(4):1081–1087CrossRefPubMed

Brix N, Secher HJ, McCormack CD et al (2013) Randomised trial of cervical cerclage, with and without occlusion, for the prevention of preterm birth in women suspected for cervical insufficiency. BJOG 120(5):613–620CrossRefPubMed

Brown JE, Thieme GA, Shah DM et al (1986) Transabdominal and transvaginal endosonography: evaluation of the cervix and lower uterine segment in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155(4):721–726CrossRefPubMed

Bujold E, Pasquier JC, Simoneau J et al (2006) Intra-amniotic sludge, short cervix, and risk of preterm delivery. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 28(3):198–202CrossRefPubMed

Burger M, Weber-Rossler T, Willmann M (1997) Measurement of the pregnant cervix by transvaginal sonography: an interobserver study and new standards to improve the interobserver variability. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 9(3):188–193CrossRefPubMed

Cahill AG, Odibo AO, Caughey AB et al (2010) Universal cervical length screening and treatment with vaginal progesterone to prevent preterm birth: a decision and economic analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202(6):548 e1–548 e8CrossRef

Campbell S (2011) Universal cervical-length screening and vaginal progesterone prevents early preterm births, reduces neonatal morbidity and is cost saving: doing nothing is no longer an option. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38(1):1–9CrossRefPubMed

Celik E, To M, Gajewska K et al (2008) Cervical length and obstetric history predict spontaneous preterm birth: development and validation of a model to provide individualized risk assessment. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31(5):549–554CrossRefPubMed

Chandiramani M, Di Renzo GC, Gottschalk E et al (2011) Fetal fibronectin as a predictor of spontaneous preterm birth: a European perspective. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 24(2):330–336CrossRefPubMed

Christian MS, Brent RL, Calda P (2007) Embryo-fetal toxicity signals for 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in high-risk pregnancies: a review of the non-clinical literature for embryo-fetal toxicity with progestins. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 20(2):89–112CrossRefPubMed

Cicero S, Skentou C, Souka A et al (2001) Cervical length at 22–24 weeks of gestation: comparison of transvaginal and transperineal-translabial ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17(4):335–340CrossRefPubMed

Crane JM (2006) Factors predicting labor induction success: a critical analysis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 49(3):573–584CrossRefPubMed

Crane JM, Hutchens D (2011) Transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length in asymptomatic high-risk women with a short cervical length in the previous pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38(1):38–43CrossRefPubMed

Creasy RK, Gummer BA, Liggins GC (1980) System for predicting spontaneous preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 55(6):692–695PubMed

Dodd JM, Flenady VJ, Cincotta R et al (2006) Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD004947

Dodd JM, Flenady VJ, Cincotta R et al (2008) Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 112(1):127–134CrossRefPubMed

da Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Carvalho MH et al (2003) Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188(2):419–424CrossRefPubMed

da Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Damiao R et al (2009) Prematurity prevention: the role of progesterone. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 21(2):142–147CrossRefPubMed

Daskalakis G, Thomakos N, Hatziioannou L et al (2006) Sonographic cervical length measurement before labor induction in term nulliparous women. Fetal Diagn Ther 21(1):34–38CrossRefPubMed

Daya S (1989) Efficacy of progesterone support for pregnancy in women with recurrent miscarriage. A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96(3):275–280CrossRefPubMed

DeFranco EA, O’Brien JM, Adair CD et al (2007) Vaginal progesterone is associated with a decrease in risk for early preterm birth and improved neonatal outcome in women with a short cervix: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30(5):697–705CrossRefPubMed

Dharan VB, Ludmir J (2009) Alternative treatment for a short cervix: the cervical pessary. Semin Perinatol 33(5):338–342CrossRefPubMed

Drakeley AJ, Roberts D, Alfirevic Z (2003) Cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm delivery: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Obstet Gynecol 102(3):621–627PubMed

Drakeley AJ, Roberts D, Alfirevic Z (2003) Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(1):CD003253PubMedCentral

Elghorori MR, Hassan I, Dartey W et al (2006) Comparison between subjective and objective assessments of the cervix before induction of labour. J Obstet Gynaecol 26(6):521–526CrossRefPubMed

Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, Romero R et al (2005) The prevalence and clinical significance of amniotic fluid „sludge“ in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 25(4):346–352CrossRefPubMed

Fonseca EB, Celik E, Parra M et al (2007) Progesterone and the risk of preterm birth among women with a short cervix. N Engl J Med 357(5):462–469CrossRefPubMed

Fuchs IB, Henrich W, Osthues K et al (2004) Sonographic cervical length in singleton pregnancies with intact membranes presenting with threatened preterm labor. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24(5):554–557CrossRefPubMed

Fuchs I, Tsoi E, Henrich W et al (2004) Sonographic measurement of cervical length in twin pregnancies in threatened preterm labor. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23(1):42–45CrossRefPubMed

Goffinet F, Kayem G (2002) Diagnosis and prognosis of preterm labor: physical examination and ultrasonography. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 31(7 Suppl):5S22–5S34

Goffinet F, Rozenberg P, Kayem G et al (1997) The value of intravaginal ultrasonography of the cervix uteri for evaluation of the risk of premature labor. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 26(6):623–629

Goldstein P, Berrier J, Rosen S et al (1989) A meta-analysis of randomized control trials of progestational agents in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96(3):265–274CrossRefPubMed

Gomez R, Galasso M, Romero R et al (1994) Ultrasonographic examination of the uterine cervix is better than cervical digital examination as a predictor of the likelihood of premature delivery in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171(4):956–964CrossRefPubMed

Gomez R, Romero R, Medina L et al (2005) Cervicovaginal fibronectin improves the prediction of preterm delivery based on sonographic cervical length in patients with preterm uterine contractions and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(2):350–359CrossRefPubMed

Gonen R, Degani S, Ron A (1998) Prediction of successful induction of labor: comparison of transvaginal ultrasonography and the Bishop score. Eur J Ultrasound 7(3):183–187CrossRefPubMed

Goya M, Pratcorona L, Merced C et al (2012) Cervical pessary in pregnant women with a short cervix (PECEP): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012:

Guzman ER, Ananth CV (2001) Cervical length and spontaneous prematurity: laying the foundation for future interventional randomized trials for the short cervix. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18(3):195–199CrossRefPubMed

Guzman ER, Walters C, Ananth CV et al (2001) A comparison of sonographic cervical parameters in predicting spontaneous preterm birth in high-risk singleton gestations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18(3):204–210CrossRefPubMed

Hassan SS, Romero R, Berry SM et al (2000) Patients with an ultrasonographic cervical length < or =15 mm have nearly a 50 % risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(6):1458–1467CrossRefPubMed

Hassan SS, Romero R, Vidyadhari D et al (2011) Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38(1):18–31CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hatfield AS, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM (2007) Sonographic cervical assessment to predict the success of labor induction: a systematic review with metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197(2):186–192CrossRefPubMed

Heath VC, Southall TR, Souka AP et al (1998) Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: relation to demographic characteristics and previous obstetric history. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12(5):304–311CrossRefPubMed

Heath VC, Southall TR, Souka AP et al (1998) Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12(5):312–317CrossRefPubMed

Heath VC, Souka AP, Erasmus I et al (1998) Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: the value of Shirodkar suture for the short cervix. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12(5):318–322CrossRefPubMed

Hegeman MA, Bekedam DJ, Bloemenkamp KW et al (2009) Pessaries in multiple pregnancy as a prevention of preterm birth: the ProTwin Trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 9:44CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Honest H, Bachmann LM, Gupta JK et al (2002) Accuracy of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spontaneous preterm birth: systematic review. BMJ 325(7359):301CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hösli I, Tercanli S, Holzgreve W (2003) Cervical length assessment by ultrasound as a predictor of preterm labour – is there a role for routine screening? BJOG 110(Suppl 20):61–65

Iams JD (1997) Cervical ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 10(3):156–160CrossRefPubMed

Iams JD, Goldenberg RL, Meis PJ et al (1996) The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network. N Engl J Med 334(9):567–572CrossRefPubMed

Jackson GM, Ludmir J, Bader TJ (1992) The accuracy of digital examination and ultrasound in the evaluation of cervical length. Obstet Gynecol 79(2):214–218CrossRefPubMed

Jorgensen AL, Alfirevic Z, Tudur Smith C et al (2007) Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss: individual patient data meta-analysis. BJOG 114(12):1460–1476CrossRefPubMed

Keirse MJ (1990) Progestogen administration in pregnancy may prevent preterm delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97(2):149–154CrossRefPubMed

Kratochwil A (1969) A new vaginal method of ultrasonotomography. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 29(4):379–385PubMed

Kusanovic JP, Espinoza J, Romero R et al (2007) Clinical significance of the presence of amniotic fluid „sludge“ in asymptomatic patients at high risk for spontaneous preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30(5):706–714CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J (2005) 4 million neonatal deaths: when?Where? Why? Lancet 365(9462):891–900CrossRefPubMed

Leitich H, Brunbauer M, Kaider A et al (1999) Cervical length and dilatation of the internal cervical os detected by vaginal ultrasonography as markers for preterm delivery: A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181(6):1465–1472CrossRefPubMed

Lettieri L, Vintzileos AM, Rodis JF et al (1993) Does „idiopathic“ preterm labor resulting in preterm birth exist? Am J Obstet Gynecol 168(5):1480–1485CrossRefPubMed

Lim AC, Hegeman MA, Huis In ’t Veld MA et al (2011) Cervical length measurement for the prediction of preterm birth in multiple pregnancies: a systematic review and bivariate meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38(1):10–17CrossRefPubMed

Lim AC, Schuit E, Bloemenkamp K et al (2011) 17alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate for the Prevention of Adverse Neonatal Outcome in Multiple Pregnancies: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol 118(3):513–520CrossRefPubMed

McDonald IA (1987) Suture of the cervix for inevitable miscarriage. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 64(3):346–350CrossRef

Meis PJ, Klebanoff M, Thom E et al (2003) Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. N Engl J Med 348(24):2379–2385CrossRefPubMed

Mercer BM, Goldenberg RL, Das A et al (1996) The preterm prediction study: a clinical risk assessment system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(6):1885–1893 (discussion 1893–5)CrossRefPubMed

Mercer BM, Goldenberg RL, Moawad AH et al (1999) The preterm prediction study: effect of gestational age and cause of preterm birth on subsequent obstetric outcome. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181(5 Pt 1):1216–1221CrossRefPubMed

Moragianni VA, Aronis KN, Craparo FJ (2011) Biweekly ultrasound assessment of cervical shortening in triplet pregnancies and the effect of cerclage placement. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37(5):617–618CrossRefPubMed

Moragianni VA, Cohen JD, Smith SJ et al (2009) The role of ultrasound-indicated cerclage in triplets. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 34(1):43–46CrossRefPubMed

MRC/RCOG (1993) Final report of the Medical Research Council/Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists multicentre randomised trial of cervical cerclage. MRC/RCOG Working Party on Cervical Cerclage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 100(6):516–523CrossRef

Ness A (2009) Prevention of preterm birth based on short cervix: symptomatic women with preterm labor or premature prelabor rupture of membranes. Semin Perinatol 33(5):343–351CrossRefPubMed

Newcomer J (2000) Pessaries for the treatment of incompetent cervix and premature delivery. Obstet Gynecol Surv 55(7):443–448CrossRefPubMed

Newman RB, Krombach RS, Myers MC et al (2002) Effect of cerclage on obstetrical outcome in twin gestations with a shortened cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186(4):634–640CrossRefPubMed

Norman JE, Mackenzie F, Owen P et al (2009) Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy (STOPPIT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and meta-analysis. Lancet 373(9680):2034–2040CrossRefPubMed

Northen AT, Norman GS, Anderson K et al (2007) Follow-up of children exposed in utero to 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate compared with placebo. Obstet Gynecol 110(4):865–872CrossRefPubMed

O’Brien JM, Adair CD, Lewis DF et al (2007) Progesterone vaginal gel for the reduction of recurrent preterm birth: primary results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30(5):687–696CrossRefPubMed

Odibo AO, Berghella V, Reddy U et al (2001) Does transvaginal ultrasound of the cervix predict preterm premature rupture of membranes in a high-risk population? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18(3):223–227CrossRefPubMed

Odibo AO, Berghella V, To MS et al (2007) Shirodkar versus McDonald cerclage for the prevention of preterm birth in women with short cervical length. Am J Perinatol 24(1):55–60CrossRefPubMed

Okitsu O, Mimura T, Nakayama T et al (1992) Early prediction of preterm delivery by transvaginal ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2(6):402–409CrossRefPubMed

Owen J, Hankins G, Iams JD, et al. (2009) Multicenter randomized trial of cerclage for preterm birth prevention in high-risk women with shortened midtrimester cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 201(4):375 e1–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Owen J, Iams JD (2003) What we have learned about cervical ultrasound. Semin Perinatol 27(3):194–203CrossRefPubMed

Pandis GK, Papageorghiou AT, Ramanathan VG et al (2001) Preinduction sonographic measurement of cervical length in the prediction of successful induction of labor. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18(6):623–628CrossRefPubMed

Park KH (2007) Transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical measurement in predicting failed labor induction and cesarean delivery for failure to progress in nulliparous women. J Korean Med Sci 22(4):722–727CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Park KH, Kim SN, Lee SY, et al. (2011) Comparison between ultrasonographic cervical length and Bishop score in preinduction cervical assessment: A randomized trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.

Peaceman AM, Andrews WW, Thorp JM et al (1997) Fetal fibronectin as a predictor of preterm birth in patients with symptoms: a multicenter trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177(1):13–18CrossRefPubMed

Quintero JC, Jeanty P (2010) Cervical Incompetence. TheFetus.net [web page] 2001 2010 [cited 2011 17-JUL-2011]; 1.0:[Available from: http://www.sonoworld.com/fetus/page.aspx?id=274.

Rageth JC, Kernen B, Saurenmann E et al (1997) Premature contractions: possible influence of sonographic measurement of cervical length on clinical management. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 9(3):183–187CrossRefPubMed

Ramanathan G, Yu C, Osei E et al (2003) Ultrasound examination at 37 weeks’ gestation in the prediction of pregnancy outcome: the value of cervical assessment. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22(6):598–603CrossRefPubMed

Rao A, Celik E, Poggi S et al (2008) Cervical length and maternal factors in expectantly managed prolonged pregnancy: prediction of onset of labor and mode of delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 32(5):646–651CrossRefPubMed

Riboni F, Vitulo A, Dell’avanzo M et al (2011) Biochemical markers predicting pre-term delivery in symptomatic patients: phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and fetal fibronectin. Arch Gynecol Obstet 285(1):61–66CrossRefPubMed

Rizzo G, Capponi A, Angelini E et al (1998) The value of transvaginal ultrasonographic examination of the uterine cervix in predicting preterm delivery in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 11(1):23–29CrossRefPubMed

Rizzo G, Capponi A, Vlachopoulou A et al (1998) Ultrasonographic assessment of the uterine cervix and interleukin-8 concentrations in cervical secretions predict intrauterine infection in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12(2):86–92CrossRefPubMed

Rode L, Klein K, Nicolaides K et al (2011) Prevention of preterm delivery in twin gestations (PREDICT): A multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial on the effect of vaginal micronised progesterone. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38(3):272–280CrossRefPubMed

Rode L, Langhoff-Roos J, Andersson C et al (2009) Systematic review of progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in singleton pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 88(11):1180–1189CrossRefPubMed

Roman AS, Rebarber A, Pereira L et al (2005) The efficacy of sonographically indicated cerclage in multiple gestations. J Ultrasound Med 24(6):763–768 (quiz 770-1)CrossRefPubMed

Roman H, Verspyck E, Vercoustre L et al (2004) Does ultrasound examination when the cervix is unfavorable improve the prediction of failed labor induction? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23(4):357–362CrossRefPubMed

Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP et al (2006) The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG 113(Suppl 3):17–42CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Espinoza J et al (2007) What is amniotic fluid „sludge“? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30(5):793–798CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Romero R, Schaudinn C, Kusanovic JP et al (2008) Detection of a microbial biofilm in intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(1):135 e1–135 e5CrossRef

Ross MG, Hobel CJ, Bragonier JR et al (1986) A simplified risk-scoring system for prematurity. Am J Perinatol 3(4):339–344CrossRefPubMed

Rozenberg P, Gillet A, Ville Y (2002) Transvaginal sonographic examination of the cervix in asymptomatic pregnant women: review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19(3):302–311CrossRefPubMed

Rust OA, Atlas RO, Jones KJ et al (2000) A randomized trial of cerclage versus no cerclage among patients with ultrasonographically detected second-trimester preterm dilatation of the internal os. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183(4):830–835CrossRefPubMed

Saling E (1981) Early total occlusion of os uteri prevent habitual abortion and premature deliveries (author’s transl). Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol 185(5):259–261PubMed

Saling E (2001) The first 40 years – a subjective review. J Perinat Med 29(4):275–280CrossRefPubMed

Saling E, Schumacher E (1996) Total surgical cervical occlusion. Conclusions from data of several clinica, which use total surgical cervical occlusion. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 200(3):82–87CrossRefPubMed

Sanchez-Ramos L, Delke I, Zamora J et al (2009) Fetal fibronectin as a short-term predictor of preterm birth in symptomatic patients: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 114(3):631–640CrossRefPubMed

Sanin-Blair J, Palacio M, Delgado J et al (2004) Impact of ultrasound cervical length assessment on duration of hospital stay in the clinical management of threatened preterm labor. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24(7):756–760CrossRefPubMed

Sarti DA, Sample WF, Hobel CJ et al (1979) Ultrasonic visualization of a dilated cervix during pregnancy. Radiology 130(2):417–420CrossRefPubMed

Schulze G (2008) Results of early total cervix occlusion (ETCO) according to Saling in multiple pregnancies – a retrospective study of the period 1995 to 2005. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 212(1):13–17CrossRefPubMed

Secher NJ, McCormack CD, Weber T et al (2007) Cervical occlusion in women with cervical insufficiency: protocol for a randomised, controlled trial with cerclage, with and without cervical occlusion. BJOG 114(5):649 e1–649 e6CrossRef

Shirodkar VN (1955) A new method of operative treatment for habitual abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy. Antiseptic 52:299–300

Sonek JD, Iams JD, Blumenfeld M et al (1990) Measurement of cervical length in pregnancy: comparison between vaginal ultrasonography and digital examination. Obstet Gynecol 76(2):172–175PubMed

Stein W, Hellmeyer L, Schmidt S et al (2011) Intraobserver and Interobserver Reliability of Transvaginal Cervical Length Measurements and Quantitative Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of the Cervix in the Second and Third Trimester of Pregnancy. Ultraschall Med 32(Suppl 2):169–174CrossRef

Stock S, Norman J (2010) Preterm and term labour in multiple pregnancies. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 15(6):336–341CrossRefPubMed

Stolz W, Balde MD, Unteregger B et al (1989) Evaluating the cervix in pregnancy using vaginal sonography. Studies of cervix insufficiency. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 49(12):1063–1066CrossRefPubMed

Szendi B (1961) Complete surgical stitching of the exterior part of the cervix uteri in the prevention of abortion in advanced pregnancy and premature labor. Zentralbl Gynakol 83:1083–1087PubMed

Szychowski JM, Owen J, Hankins G et al (2009) Timing of mid-trimester cervical length shortening in high-risk women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33(1):70–75CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Timor-Tritsch IE, Bar-Yam Y, Elgali S et al (1988) The technique of transvaginal sonography with the use of a 6.5 MHz probe. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158(5):1019–1024CrossRefPubMed

Timor-Tritsch IE, Boozarjomehri F, Masakowski Y et al (1996) Can a „snapshot“ sagittal view of the cervix by transvaginal ultrasonography predict active preterm labor? Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(3):990–995CrossRefPubMed

Ting HS, Chin PS, Yeo GS et al (2007) Comparison of bedside test kits for prediction of preterm delivery: phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (pIGFBP-1) test and fetal fibronectin test. Ann Acad Med Singapore 36(6):399–402PubMed

To MS, Alfirevic Z, Heath VC et al (2004) Cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm delivery in women with short cervix: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363(9424):1849–1853CrossRefPubMed

To MS, Fonseca EB, Molina FS et al (2006) Maternal characteristics and cervical length in the prediction of spontaneous early preterm delivery in twins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194(5):1360–1365CrossRefPubMed

To MS, Skentou C, Chan C et al (2001) Cervical assessment at the routine 23-week scan: standardizing techniques. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17(3):217–219CrossRefPubMed

To MS, Skentou C, Liao AW et al (2001) Cervical length and funneling at 23 weeks of gestation in the prediction of spontaneous early preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18(3):200–203CrossRefPubMed

To MS, Skentou CA, Royston P et al (2006) Prediction of patient-specific risk of early preterm delivery using maternal history and sonographic measurement of cervical length: a population-based prospective study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27(4):362–367CrossRefPubMed

Tsoi E, Akmal S, Geerts L et al (2006) Sonographic measurement of cervical length and fetal fibronectin testing in threatened preterm labor. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27(4):368–372CrossRefPubMed

Tsoi E, Akmal S, Rane S et al (2003) Ultrasound assessment of cervical length in threatened preterm labor. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21(6):552–555CrossRefPubMed

Tsoi E, Fuchs I, Henrich W et al (2004) Sonographic measurement of cervical length in preterm prelabor amniorrhexis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24(5):550–553CrossRefPubMed

Valentin L, Bergelin I (2002) Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of ultrasound measurements of cervical length and width in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 20(3):256–262CrossRefPubMed

Ventura W, Nazario C, Ingar J et al (2011) Risk of Impending Preterm Delivery Associated with the Presence of Amniotic Fluid Sludge in Women in Preterm Labor with Intact Membranes. Fetal Diagn Ther 30(2):116–121CrossRefPubMed

Vis JY, Wilms FF, Oudijk MA et al (2011) Why were the results of randomized trials on the clinical utility of fetal fibronectin negative? A systematic review of their study designs. Am J Perinatol 28(2):145–150CrossRefPubMed

Werner EF, Han CS, Pettker CM et al (2011) Universal cervical-length screening to prevent preterm birth: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38(1):32–37CrossRefPubMed

Woensdregt K, Norwitz ER, Cackovic M, et al. (2008) Effect of 2 stitches vs 1 stitch on the prevention of preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancies who undergo cervical cerclage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 198(4):396 e1–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Woo J (1998/2002). A short history of the development of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology (online). Obstetric Ultrasound – A Comprehensive Guide 1998 2002 [cited 13-Jul-2011]; 1–21. Available from: http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/history1.html.

Zador I, Neuman MR, Wolfson RN (1976) Continuous monitoring of cervical dilatation during labour by ultrasonic transit-time measurement. Med Biol Eng 14(3):299–305CrossRefPubMed

Zalar Jr. RW (1996) Transvaginal ultrasound and preterm prelabor: a nonrandomized intervention study. Obstet Gynecol 88(1):20–23CrossRefPubMed

Zilianti M, Azuaga A, Calderon F et al (1995) Monitoring the effacement of the uterine cervix by transperineal sonography: a new perspective. J Ultrasound Med 14(10):719–724CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Geburtshilfliche Zervixsonografie und Diagnostik der drohenden Frühgeburt
verfasst von: Bettina Hollwitz, Dr. med.
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Ultraschalldiagnostik in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-29632-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-29633-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29633-8_19

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

19. Geburtshilfliche Zervixsonografie und Diagnostik der drohenden Frühgeburt

Zusammenfassung

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

Update Gynäkologie

Springer Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

Update Gynäkologie