Background
Research design and methods
Study design
Study population
Baseline data collection
Statistical analyses
Results
All patients N = 4,341 | China N = 373 | Germany N = 149 | India N = 918 | Mexico N = 206 | Russia N = 240 | Saudi Arabia N = 226 | USA N = 540 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) or mean ± SD
| ||||||||
Demographics | ||||||||
Age, years | 61 ± 11 | 60 ± 10 | 70 ± 10 | 58 ± 10 | 60 ± 12 | 64 ± 10 | 57 ± 10 | 64 ± 12 |
Female gender | 2176 (50) | 209 (56) | 69 (46) | 405 (44) | 117 (57) | 168 (70) | 135 (60) | 284 (53) |
Education | ||||||||
<12 grade | 1982 (46) | 186 (50) | 115 (77) | 373 (41) | 122 (59) | 32 (13) | 99 (44) | 122 (23) |
High school graduate or partial college | 1327 (31) | 132 (35) | 20 (13) | 203 (22) | 41 (20) | 92 (38) | 56 (25) | 270 (50) |
≥ College degree | 1032 (24) | 55 (15) | 15 (10) | 342 (37) | 43 (21) | 116 (49) | 71 (31) | 148 (27) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married or living with a significant other | 3490 (80) | 342 (92) | 107 (72) | 860 (94) | 154 (75) | 167 (69) | 177 (78) | 355 (66) |
Single | 851 (20) | 31 (8) | 42 (28) | 58 (6) | 52 (25) | 73 (31) | 49 (22) | 185 (34) |
Employment | ||||||||
Manual labor | 1119 (26) | 60 (16) | 18 (12) | 222 (24) | 86 (42) | 19 (8) | 85 (37) | 87 (16) |
Professional labor | 1358 (31) | 161 (43) | 23 (16) | 284 (31) | 59 (29) | 135 (56) | 83 (37) | 178 (33) |
Skilled labor | 1865 (43) | 152 (41) | 108 (72) | 411 (45) | 61 (29) | 86 (36) | 59 (26) | 276 (51) |
Insurance type | ||||||||
Private | 1010 (23) | 38 (10) | 1 (1) | 299 (33) | 33 (16) | 6 (3) | 2 (1) | 343 (63) |
Public | 2424 (56) | 297 (80) | 148 (99) | 160 (17) | 117 (57) | 221 (92) | 167 (74) | 171 (32) |
Uninsured | 907 (21) | 38 (10) | 0 (0) | 459 (50) | 56 (27) | 13 (5) | 57 (25) | 27 (5) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
Current | 619 (14) | 39 (11) | 31 (21) | 47 (5) | 30 (14) | 3 (1) | 1 (0) | 151 (28) |
Past | 1044 (24) | 92 (25) | 40 (27) | 93 (10) | 45 (22) | 15 (6) | 1 (0) | 244 (45) |
Smoking status | ||||||||
Current | 587 (14) | 67 (18) | 17 (11) | 55 (6) | 33 (16) | 24 (10) | 15 (7) | 92 (17) |
All patients N = 4,341 | China N = 373 | Germany N = 149 | India N = 918 | Mexico N = 206 | Russia N = 240 | Saudi Arabia N = 226 | USA N = 540 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) or mean ± SD
| ||||||||
Diabetes duration, in years | 12 ± 8 | 11 ± 7 | 14 ± 8 | 12 ± 8 | 13 ± 9 | 10 ± 7 | 11 ± 7 | 13 ± 8 |
Physician’s HbA1c goal for the patient (%) | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 6.7 ± 0.7 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.5 |
Physician’s HbA1c goal for the patient (mmol/mol) | 52 ± 7 | 49 ± 10 | 52 ± 6 | 52 ± 6 | 50 ± 8 | 50 ± 6 | 55 ± 4 | 51 ± 6 |
Laboratory values | ||||||||
HbA1c level (%) | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 8.6 ± 2.2 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 9.0 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 1.6 |
HbA1c level (mmol/mol) | 66 ± 20 | 60 ± 20 | 58 ± 15 | 70 ± 19 | 70 ± 24 | 61 ± 14 | 75 ± 24 | 64 ± 18 |
Biometric measurements | ||||||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132.4 ± 16.2 | 130.2 ± 15.7 | 137.9 ± 17.1 | 131.2 ± 14.5 | 130.5 ± 17.5 | 136.3 ± 11.9 | 134.5 ± 13.3 | 132.0 ± 18.4 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30 ± 6 | 25 ± 3 | 30 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 32 ± 5 | 32 ± 6 | 34 ± 8 |
Diabetes-related complications | ||||||||
Amputation | 50 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 4 (0) | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 10 (2) |
Gastroparesis | 111 (3) | 11 (3) | 2 (1) | 7 (1) | 3 (2) | 18 (8) | 24 (11) | 13 (2) |
Nephropathy | 720 (17) | 70 (19) | 37 (25) | 75 (8) | 17 (8) | 60 (25) | 51 (23) | 105 (19) |
Neuropathy | 1280 (29) | 118 (32) | 57 (38) | 224 (24) | 50 (24) | 155 (65) | 90 (40) | 216 (40) |
Retinopathy | 1026 (24) | 85 (23) | 22 (15) | 143 (16) | 32 (15) | 117 (49) | 120 (53) | 79 (15) |
Diagnostic history of: | ||||||||
Coronary artery disease | 808 (19) | 75 (20) | 30 (20) | 105 (11) | 3 (2) | 132 (55) | 59 (26) | 140 (26) |
Congestive heart failure | 244 (6) | 21 (6) | 19 (13) | 19 (2) | 3 (1) | 81 (34) | 5 (2) | 34 (6) |
Depression | 401 (9) | 13 (4) | 13 (9) | 22 (2) | 27 (13) | 16 (7) | 9 (4) | 122 (23) |
Hypertension | 3045 (70) | 199 (53) | 134 (90) | 630 (69) | 114 (55) | 208 (87) | 143 (63) | 465 (86) |
Hyperlipidemia | 2562 (59) | 204 (55) | 97 (65) | 392 (43) | 89 (43) | 144 (60) | 155 (69) | 444 (82) |
Myocardial infarction | 284 (7) | 7 (2) | 10 (7) | 21 (2) | 5 (3) | 47 (20) | 18 (8) | 46 (8) |
Stroke | 157 (4) | 18 (5) | 10 (7) | 11 (1) | 1 (0) | 14 (6) | 4 (2) | 32 (6) |
All patients N = 4,341 | China N = 373 | GermanyN = 149 | India N = 918 | Mexico N = 206 | Russia N = 240 | Saudi Arabia N = 226 | USA N = 540 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%)
| ||||||||
Any insulin regimen together with: | ||||||||
0 oral antidiabetic drugs | 1449 (33) | 203 (54) | 90 (60) | 161 (18) | 120 (58) | 127 (53) | 56 (25) | 149 (28) |
1 oral antidiabetic drug | 1388 (32) | 109 (29) | 41 (28) | 243 (27) | 58 (28) | 69 (29) | 41 (18) | 224 (41) |
2 oral antidiabetic drugs | 977 (23) | 52 (14) | 14 (9) | 282 (31) | 21 (10) | 37 (15) | 78 (35) | 132 (24) |
3 or more oral antidiabetic drugs | 527 (12) | 9 (2) | 4 (3) | 232 (25) | 7 (3) | 7 (3) | 51 (23) | 35 (6) |
Insulin regimen | ||||||||
Basal insulin only | 2234 (51) | 60 (16) | 65 (44) | 252 (27) | 146 (71) | 197 (82) | 140 (62) | 355 (66) |
Basal + short-acting insulin only | 237 (5) | 3 (1) | 6 (4) | 11 (1) | 15 (7) | 13 (5) | 1 (0) | 32 (6) |
Mixed insulin only | 1310 (30) | 249 (67) | 66 (44) | 522 (57) | 34 (17) | 19 (8) | 40 (18) | 93 (17) |
Short-acting insulin only | 175 (4) | 13 (4) | 5 (3) | 43 (5) | 9 (4) | 10 (4) | 0 (0) | 20 (4) |
Other insulin combinations | 385 (9) | 48 (13) | 7 (5) | 90 (10) | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | 45 (20) | 40 (7) |
Insulin injection frequency | ||||||||
Once per day | 2579 (59) | 128 (34) | 80 (54) | 415 (45) | 152 (74) | 161 (67) | 147 (65) | 373 (69) |
Twice per day | 1585 (37) | 220 (59) | 58 (39) | 494 (54) | 51 (25) | 77 (32) | 78 (35) | 144 (27) |
Three times per day | 177 (4) | 25 (7) | 11 (7) | 9 (1) | 3 (2) | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | 23 (4) |
Insulin delivery device | ||||||||
Pen | 3220 (74) | 372 (100) | 141 (95) | 541 (59) | 67 (33) | 220 (93) | 142 (63) | 243 (45) |
Syringe | 1109 (26) | 1 (0) | 8 (5) | 373 (41) | 138 (68) | 17 (7) | 84 (37) | 296 (55) |
All patients N = 4,341 | China N = 373 | Germany N = 149 | India N = 918 | Mexico N = 206 | Russia N = 240 | Saudi Arabia N = 226 | USA N = 540 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mean ± SD
| ||||||||
Diabetes Knowledge Test scorea | 5 ± 2 | 7 ± 2 | 6 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 6 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 5 ± 2 |
Diabetes Distress Scale scoreb | 38 ± 19 | 28 ± 11 | 24 ± 9 | 37 ± 19 | 39 ± 21 | 49 ± 18 | 51 ± 17 | 33 ± 15 |
Interpersonal Processes of Care scorec | 3 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.6 | 3 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.4 |
Self-monitoring of blood glucosed | 3 ± 3 | 2 ± 2 | 5 ± 2 | 1 ± 2 | 3 ± 3 | 4 ± 2 | 2 ± 2 | 5 ± 3 |