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Experimental Brain Research

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01.04.2008 | Research Article

Goal-directed reaching: movement strategies influence the weighting of allocentric and egocentric visual cues

verfasst von: Kristina A. Neely, Ayla Tessmer, Gordon Binsted, Matthew Heath

Erschienen in: Experimental Brain Research | Ausgabe 3/2008

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Abstract

The location of an object in peripersonal space can be represented with respect to our body (i.e., egocentric frame of reference) or relative to contextual features and other objects (i.e., allocentric frame of reference). In the current study, we sought to determine whether the frame, or frames, of visual reference supporting motor output is influenced by reach trajectories structured to maximize visual feedback utilization (i.e., controlled online) or structured largely in advance of movement onset via central planning mechanisms (i.e., controlled offline). Reaches were directed to a target embedded in a pictorial illusion (the induced Roelofs effect: IRE) and advanced knowledge of visual feedback was manipulated to influence the nature of reaching control as reported by Zelaznik et al. (J Mot Behav 15:217–236, 1983). When vision could not be predicted in advance of movement onset, trajectories showed primary evidence of an offline mode of control (even when vision was provided) and endpoints demonstrated amplified sensitivity to the illusory (i.e., allocentric) features of the IRE. In contrast, reaches performed with reliable visual feedback evidenced a primarily online mode of control and showed increased visuomotor resistance to the IRE. These findings suggest that the manner a reaching response is structured differentially influences the weighting of allocentric and egocentric visual information. More specifically, when visual feedback is unavailable or unpredictable, the weighting of allocentric visual information for the advanced planning of a reach trajectory is increased.

We elected to use the induced Roelofs effect because the illusory features of this stimulus are thought constructed by later visual processing systems (i.e., the ventral visual pathway; see Milner and Dyde 2003 for a discussion of this issue). Moreover, our IRE configuration was oriented in the anteroposterior direction (see Fig. 1) and thus differs from the mediolateral orientation used in most previous work (e.g., Bridgeman et al. 1997, 2000, Dassonville et al. 2004). Importantly, however, the IRE orientation used here has been shown to robustly influence reaching endpoints (Coello et al. 2003; Neely et al. 2007; see Neely 2005 for discussion of IRE orientations and visuomotor susceptibility to allocentric visual cues).

The fact that R ² values at 25% of movement time did not differentiate between the feedback schedule and visual condition combinations is congruent with earlier work arguing that at this time point the spatiotemporal features of an initial movement impulse do not have sufficient time to unfold to predict ultimate movement endpoints (see Heath et al. 2004b).

Of course, the hypothesis proposed here is specific to situations in which reaching/grasping responses are directed to a target within a structured visual background and not restrictive experimental contexts wherein allocentric visual cues are not available to the performer; e.g., when a performer reaches to an isolated target (i.e., point of light) presented in an otherwise neutral or empty visual background.

Bridgeman et al’s (1997) original IRE experiment is frequently cited as providing direct evidence that the IRE does not influence visuomotor control. Careful examination of that experiment, however (see Experiment 1), shows that “5 subjects showed a highly significant Roelofs effect [F(2, 4) > 18, P < 0.01], whereas the other 5 showed no sign of an effect [F(2, 4) ≤ 3.16, P > 0.18]” (p. 460). Importantly, that finding combined with a more recent work (Neely et al. 2007) highlights the existence of a controversy surrounding the extent to which the IRE represents an exemplar illusion supporting the view that egocentric visual cues restrictively mediate visually derived reaches.

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Titel: Goal-directed reaching: movement strategies influence the weighting of allocentric and egocentric visual cues
verfasst von: Kristina A. Neely
Ayla Tessmer
Gordon Binsted
Matthew Heath
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2008
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Experimental Brain Research / Ausgabe 3/2008
Print ISSN: 0014-4819
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1238-z

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