Background
Methods
Participants
Anthropometry
Statistical analysis
Results
HIV-unexposed | HIV-exposed-uninfected | ||
---|---|---|---|
Breast Feeding and Postpartum Health (BFPH) study | |||
N | 207 (50.9) | 200 (49.1) | |
Sex (N % female) | - | 107 (51.7) | 106 (53.0) |
Housing density (N %) | High | 49 (22.6) | 49 (23.2) |
Middle | 139 (64.1) | 140 (66.4) | |
Low | 29 (13.4) | 22 (10.4) | |
Maternal Education (N %) | Primary | 34 (15.7) | 35 (16.6) |
Secondary | 126 (58.1) | 118 (55.9) | |
Tertiary | 57 (26.3) | 58 (27.5) | |
Breast-fed (N %) | <18 months | 32 (31.1) | 52 (54.2) |
18+ months | 71 (68.9) | 44 (45.8) | |
Chilenje Infant Growth, Nutrition and Infection Study (CIGNIS) | |||
N | 580 (77.9) | 165 (22.1) | |
Sex (N % female) | - | 302 (52.1) | 91 (55.2) |
Socioeconomic groupa
(N %) | Low | 179 (30.9) | 67 (40.6) |
Middle | 227 (39.1) | 57 (34.6) | |
High | 174 (30.0) | 41 (24.9) | |
Maternal Education (N %) | Primary or less | 174 (30.0) | 66 (40.0) |
Secondary | 225 (38.8) | 60 (36.4) | |
College/university | 181 (31.2) | 39 (23.6) | |
Breast-fed (N %) | <12 months | 150 (25.9) | 138 (83.6) |
12+ months | 430 (74.1) | 27 (16.4) |
Breast Feeding and Postpartum Health (BFPH) study | ||||
Age (weeks/median years) | Weight (kg) - N, mean (SD) | Length/height (cm) - N, mean (SD) | ||
HUU | HEU | HUU | HEU | |
1 week | 207 | 200 | 174 | 171 |
3.0 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.5) | 49.4 (2.6) | 49.6 (2.6) | |
6 weeks | 178 | 173 | 178 | 174 |
5.1 (0.6) | 4.8 (0.7) | 55.0 (2.8) | 54.4 (2.9) | |
16 weeks | 175 | 168 | 174 | 169 |
6.8 (0.8) | 6.5 (1.0) | 61.9 (2.6) | 61.2 (3.4) | |
~2.7 years | 107 | 98 | 107 | 98 |
13.3 (2.1) | 12.8 (2.4) | 92.1 (8.3) | 89.2 (7.9) | |
~11.6 years | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
38.5 (10.1) | 37.2 (8.9) | 145.3 (7.9) | 143.2 (8.7) | |
Chilenje Infant Growth, Nutrition and Infection Study (CIGNIS) | ||||
Age (months/median years) | Weight (kg) - N, mean (SD) | Length/height (cm) - N, mean (SD) | ||
HUU | HEU | HUU | HEU | |
Birthb
| 574 | 163 | - | - |
3.1 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.5) | |||
6 months | 580 | 165 | 580 | 165 |
7.4 (1.1) | 7.1 (1.1) | 65.0 (2.5) | 64.3 (2.4) | |
9 months | 506 | 152 | 506 | 152 |
8.3 (1.2) | 8.0 (1.2) | 69.4 (2.6) | 68.7 (2.8) | |
12 months | 470 | 152 | 469 | 151 |
9.0 (1.3) | 8.7 (1.4) | 73.0 (2.8) | 72.3 (2.8) | |
15 months | 446 | 144 | 445 | 142 |
9.6 (1.4) | 9.2 (1.4) | 76.1 (2.9) | 75.1 (3.2) | |
18 months | 446 | 141 | 445 | 141 |
10.2 (1.5) | 9.8 (1.5) | 78.8 (3.2) | 77.6 (3.4) | |
~7.5 years | 247 | 79 | 247 | 79 |
23.8 (5.4) | 22.5 (3.8) | 122.4 (6.6) | 122.0 (6.5) |
Breast Feeding and Postpartum Health (BFPH) study | ||||||
Age (weeks/median years) | Unadjusted | Adjustedb
| ||||
WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | |
1 week | 0.28 0.[09, 0.47] P < 0.01 | −0.07 [−0.34, 0.21] P = 0.64 | 0.44 [0.17, 0.72] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.10, 0.48] P < 0.01 | −0.06 [−0.33, 0.22] P = 0.68 | 0.46 [0.19, 0.73] P < 0.01 |
6 weeks | 0.47 [0.25, 0.69] P < 0.01 | 0.31 [0.01, 0.60] P = 0.04 | 0.42 [0.15, 0.69] P < 0.01 | 0.46 [0.25, 0.68] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.00, 0.59] P = 0.05 | 0.41 [0.14, 0.68] P < 0.01 |
16 weeks | 0.52 [0.28, 0.75] P < 0.01 | 0.31 [0.02, 0.61] P = 0.04 | 0.42 [0.16, 0.69] P < 0.01 | 0.51 [0.27, 0.75] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.00, 0.59] P = 0.05 | 0.42 [0.15, 0.68] P < 0.01 |
~2.7 years | 0.38 [0.02, 0.73] P = 0.04 | 0.76 [0.21, 1.32] P = 0.01 | −0.23 [−0.77, 0.31] P = 0.41 | 0.36 [0.01, 0.71] P = 0.04 | 0.74 [0.18, 1.29] P < 0.01 | −0.23 [−0.77, 0.31] P = 0.41 |
~11.6 years | - | 0.32 [−0.10, 0.75] P = 0.14 | −0.11 [−0.62, 0.40] P = 0.67 | - | 0.38 [−0.02, 0.77] P = 0.06 | −0.14 [−0.65, 0.37] P = 0.59 |
Chilenje Infant Growth, Nutrition and Infection Study (CIGNIS) | ||||||
Age (months/median years) | Unadjusted | Adjustedc
| ||||
WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | |
Birth | 0.19 [0.00, 0.38] P = 0.06 | - | - | 0.15 [−0.05, 0.34] P = 0.14 | - | - |
6 months | 0.35 [0.14, 0.56] P < 0.01 | 0.24 [0.06, 0.42] P = 0.01 | 0.28 [0.07, 0.48] P < 0.01 | 0.28 [0.07, 0.49] P < 0.01 | 0.17 [0.00, 0.35] P = 0.06 | 0.24 [0.03, 0.44] P = 0.02 |
9 months | 0.31 [0.10, 0.52] P < 0.01 | 0.26 [0.07, 0.45] P < 0.01 | 0.23 [0.02, 0.43] P = 0.03 | 0.25 [0.04, 0.45] P = 0.02 | 0.18 [0.00, 0.37] P = 0.05 | 0.19 [−0.01, 0.39] P = 0.07 |
12 months | 0.32 [0.11, 0.53] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.10, 0.48] P < 0.01 | 0.20 [−0.01, 0.41] P = 0.06 | 0.22 [0.01, 0.42] P = 0.04 | 0.20 [0.02, 0.39] P = 0.03 | 0.13 [−0.07, 0.33] P = 0.21 |
15 months | 0.36 [0.15, 0.57] P < 0.01 | 0.31 [0.12, 0.51] P < 0.01 | 0.23 [0.03, 0.42] P = 0.02 | 0.24 [0.03, 0.44] P = 0.02 | 0.20 [0.02, 0.39] P = 0.03 | 0.15 [−0.04, 0.34] P = 0.13 |
18 months | 0.32 [0.11, 0.53] P < 0.01 | 0.39 [0.19, 0.59] P < 0.01 | 0.11 [−0.08, 0.30] P = 0.27 | 0.20 [−0.01, 0.40] P = 0.06 | 0.24 [0.06, 0.43] P = 0.01 | 0.05 [−0.14, 0.25] P = 0.58 |
~7.5 years | 0.27 [0.02, 0.52] P = 0.03 | 0.05 [−0.15, 0.25] P = 0.63 | 0.41 [0.13, 0.70] P < 0.01 | 0.15 [−0.09, 0.39] P = 0.22 | −0.03 [−0.23, 0.16] P = 0.75 | 0.31 [0.03, 0.59] P = 0.03 |
Effect periods
Weight-for-age | Length/height-for-age | BMI-for-age | |
---|---|---|---|
Breast Feeding and Postpartum Health (BFPH) study | |||
6–1 week | 0.17 [0.01, 0.35] P = 0.06 | 0.35 [0.04, 0.66] P = 0.03 | −0.05 [−0.39, 0.29] P = 0.77 |
16–6 weeks | 0.05 [−0.13, 0.22] P = 0.59 | 0.00 [−0.27, 0.27] P = 0.99 | 0.01 [−0.27, 0.29] P = 0.95 |
~2.7 years-16 weeks | −0.15 [−0.51, 0.21] P = 0.41 | 0.44 [−0.13, 1.02] P = 0.13 | −0.64 [−1.24, 0.05] P = 0.03 |
~11.6 - ~ 2.7 years | - | −0.36 [−0.95, 0.24] P = 0.24 | 0.09 [−0.64, 0.82] P = 0.81 |
Chilenje Infant Growth, Nutrition and Infection Study (CIGNIS) | |||
6 months-birth | 0.13 [−0.08, 0.35] P = 0.22 | - | - |
9–6 months | 0.03 [−0.12, 0.06] P = 0.50 | 0.01 [−0.08, 0.10] P = 0.78 | 0.05 [−0.17, 0.07] P = 0.39 |
12–9 months | −0.03 [−0.12, 0.05] P = 0.43 | 0.02 [−0.07, 0.11] P = 0.65 | −0.06 [−0.17, 0.06] P = 0.35 |
15–12 months | 0.02 [−0.05, 0.10] P = 0.58 | 0.00 [−0.08, 0.08] P = 0.96 | 0.02 [−0.09, 0.13] P = 0.74 |
18–15 months | 0.04 [−0.11, 0.03] P = 0.25 | 0.04 [−0.04, 0.12] P = 0.30 | −0.09 [−0.20, 0.01] 0.08 |
~7.5 years-18 months | −0.04 [−0.27, 0.18] P = 0.70 | −0.28 [−0.46, −0.09] P < 0.01 | 0.25 [−0.02, 0.53] P = 0.07 |