Introduction
Highlighting exerkines in cancer cachexia
Myokines
Adipokines
Cardiokines
Hepatokines
Changes in cachexia | Exerkines | Increase | Decrease | not clear |
---|---|---|---|---|
Skeletal muscle | Myokines | |||
Myostatin | ✓ | |||
Follistatin | ✓ | |||
irisin | ✓ | |||
IL-6 | ✓ | |||
FGF-21 | ✓ | |||
Myonectin | ✓ | |||
Adipose tissue | Adipokines | |||
Leptin | ✓ | |||
Adiponectin | ✓ | |||
Resistin | ✓ | |||
Chemerin | ✓ | |||
Visfatin | ✓ | |||
Omentin | ✓ | |||
Vaspin | ✓ | |||
Progranulin | ✓ | |||
Heart | Cardiokines | |||
ANP | ✓ | |||
BNP | ✓ | |||
IL-33 | ✓ | |||
IL-18 | ✓ | |||
IL-6 | ✓ | |||
IL-1β | ✓ | |||
Follistatin | ✓ | |||
TGF-β | ✓ | |||
Ang-II | ✓ | |||
TNF-α | ✓ | |||
Liver | Hepatokines | |||
Activin-E | ✓ | |||
ANGPTL-4 | ✓ | |||
FGF-21 | ✓ | |||
Follistatin | ✓ |
Acute and chronic exercise effects on exerkines
Exercise effects on muscle-derived exerkines (myokines)
Responses to acute exercise
Responses to chronic exercise
Exercise effects on adipose tissue-derived exerkines (Adipokines)
Responses to acute exercise
Responses to chronic exercise
Exercise effects on cardiac-derived exerkines (cardiokines)
Responses to acute exercise
Responses to chronic exercise
Exercise effects on liver-derived exerkines (hepatokines)
Responses to acute exercise
Responses to chronic exercise
Acute Resistance training | Exerkines | Increase | Decrease | not clear | Chronic Resistance training | Increase | Decrease | not clear |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skeletal muscle | Myokines | Skeletal muscle | ||||||
Myostatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Follistatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Irisin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
IL-6 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
FGF-21 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Myonectin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Adipose tissue | Adipokines | |||||||
Leptin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Adiponectin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Resistin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Chemerin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Visfatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Omentin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Vaspin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Progranulin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Heart | Cardiokines | |||||||
ANP | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
BNP | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-33 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-18 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-6 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-1β | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Follistatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
TGF-β | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Ang-II | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
TNF-α | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Liver | Hepatokines | |||||||
Activin-E | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
ANGPTL-4 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
FGF-21 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Follistatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IGF-1 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Skeletal muscle | Myokines | Skeletal muscle | ||||||
Myostatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Follistatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
irisin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-6 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
FGF-21 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Myonectin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Adipose tissue | Adipokines | |||||||
Leptin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Adiponectin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Resistin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Chemerin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Visfatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Omentin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Vaspin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Progranulin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Heart | Cardiokines | |||||||
ANP | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
BNP | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-33 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-18 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-6 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IL-1β | ✓ | |||||||
Follistatin | ✓ | |||||||
TGF-β | ✓ | |||||||
Ang-II | ✓ | |||||||
TNF-α | ✓ | |||||||
Liver | Hepatokines | |||||||
Activin-E | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
ANGPTL-4 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
FGF-21 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Follistatin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
IGF-1 | ✓ | ✓ |
Measuring exerkines in studies and research gaps
Organs | Exerkines | Measure Animal | Blood | Tissue | Measure Human | Blood |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skeletal muscle | Myokines | Skeletal muscle | Skeletal muscle | |||
Myostatin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Follistatin | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
irisin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
IL-6 | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
FGF-21 | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
Myonectin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Adipose tissue | Adipokines | Adipose tissue | Adipose tissue | |||
Leptin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Adiponectin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Resistin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Chemerin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Visfatin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Omentin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Vaspin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Progranulin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Heart | Cardiokines | Heart | Heart | |||
ANP | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
BNP | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
IL-33 | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
IL-18 | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
IL-6 | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
IL-1β | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
Follistatin | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
TGF-β | ✓ | Unclear | ||||
Ang-II | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
TNF-α | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Liver | Hepatokines | Liver | Liver | |||
Activin-E | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
ANGPTL-4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
FGF-21 | ✓ | ✓ | Unclear | |||
Follistatin | ✓ | Unclear |