Introduction
Methods
Patients
Explanatory Variables
Neuroimaging and Outcome Assessment
Statistical Analysis
Results
Characteristics of the Cohort of Patients with ICH
Variables | Study participants (n = 211) |
---|---|
Age, mean ± SD (year) | 58.34 ± 12.08 |
Male sex [n (%)] | 142 (67.3) |
BMI, median (IQR) (kg/m2) | 23.39 (22.26–24.66) |
Smoking history [n (%)] | 38 (18.0) |
Alcohol history [n (%)] | 27 (12.8) |
Hypertension [n (%)] | 151 (71.6) |
Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 3 (1.4) |
Coronary heart disease [n (%)] | 13 (6.2) |
Stroke history [n (%)] | 17 (8.1) |
Antithrombotic agent history [n (%)] | 6 (2.8) |
The degree of coma (GCS score) [n (%)] | |
Level 1 (13–15 points) | 96 (45.5) |
Level 2 (9–12 points) | 41 (19.4) |
Level 3 (3–8 points) | 74 (35.1) |
Supratentorial hemorrhage [n (%)] | |
Basal ganglia | 82 (38.9) |
Lobar | 66 (31.3) |
Thalamus | 54 (25.6) |
Infratentorial hemorrhage [n (%)] | |
Brainstem | 16 (7.6) |
Cerebellum | 14 (6.6) |
IVH [n (%)] | 106 (50.2) |
SAH [n (%)] | 35 (16.6) |
Large hematoma [n (%)] | 88 (41.7) |
Hematoma volume, median (IQR) (ml) | 18.50 (7.94–43.70) |
Hematoma volume at various hemorrhagic locations | |
Basal ganglia, median (IQR) (ml) | 24.38 (12.86–50.40) |
Lobar, median (IQR) (ml) | 22.33 (9.64–47.63) |
Thalamus, median (IQR) (ml) | 17.72 (7.34–43.53) |
Brainstem, median (IQR) (ml) | 7.05 (2.86–15.34) |
Cerebellum, median (IQR) (ml) | 11.25 (5.91–25.22) |
Laboratory examination | |
TG, median (IQR) (mmol/l) | 0.95 (0.73–1.36) |
HDL, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 1.21 ± 0.34 |
LDL, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 2.43 ± 0.91 |
TC, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 4.07 ± 1.11 |
Hemoglobin, mean ± SD (g/l) | 165.03 ± 34.12 |
Platelet count, mean ± SD (109/l) | 188.31 ± 71.49 |
Surgical operation [n (%)] | 45 (21.3) |
mRS 4–6 [n (%)] | 89 (42.2) |
Variable | Normal/low hemoglobin level group (n = 114) | Elevated hemoglobin level group (n = 97)a | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean ± SD (year) | 59.64 ± 12.59 | 56.81 ± 11.34 | 0.091b |
Male sex [n (%)] | 65 (57.0) | 77 (79.4) | 0.001c |
BMI, median (IQR) (kg/m2) | 23.20 (21.72–24.90) | 23.61 (22.53–24.53) | 0.242d |
Smoking history [n (%)] | 22 (19.3) | 16 (16.5) | 0.597c |
Alcohol history [n (%)] | 13 (11.4) | 14 (14.4) | 0.511c |
Hypertension [n (%)] | 81(71.1) | 70 (72.2) | 0.858c |
Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 1 (0.9) | 2 (2.1) | 0.888c |
Coronary heart disease [n (%)] | 10 (8.8) | 3 (3.1) | 0.155c |
Stroke history [n (%)] | 11 (9.6) | 6 (6.2) | 0.357c |
Antithrombotic agent history [n (%)] | 4 (3.5) | 2 (2.1) | 0.830c |
The degree of coma (GCS score) [n (%)] | 0.161cb | ||
Level 1 (13–15 points) | 52 (45.6) | 44 (45.4) | |
Level 2 (9–12 points) | 27 (23.7) | 14 (14.4) | |
Level 3 (3–8 points) | 35 (30.7) | 39 (40.2) | |
Supratentorial hemorrhage [n (%)] | |||
Basal ganglia | 46 (40.4) | 36 (37.1) | 0.631c |
Lobar | 33 (28.9) | 33 (34.0) | 0.428c |
Thalamus | 32 (28.1) | 22 (22.7) | 0.371c |
Infratentorial hemorrhage [n (%)] | |||
Brainstem | 7 (6.1) | 9 (9.3) | 0.391c |
Cerebellum | 8 (7.0) | 6 (6.2) | 0.809c |
IVH [n (%)] | 53 (46.5) | 53 (54.6) | 0.238c |
SAH [n (%)] | 13 (11.4) | 22 (22.7) | 0.028c |
Large hematoma [n (%)] | 38 (33.3) | 50 (51.5) | 0.007c |
Hematoma volume, median (IQR) (ml) | 17.31 (7.25–39.07) | 21.66 (10.04–52.49) | 0.096d |
Laboratory examination | |||
TG, median (IQR) (mmol/l) | 0.96 (0.75–1.38) | 0.95 (0.72–1.35) | 0.889d |
HDL, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 1.22 ± 0.34 | 1.20 ± 0.35 | 0.729b |
LDL, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 2.24 ± 0.84 | 2.55 ± 0.99 | 0.094b |
TC, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 3.99 ± 1.03 | 4.16 ± 1.19 | 0.284b |
Hemoglobin, mean ± SD (g/l) | 140.67 ± 17.26 | 193.66 ± 25.75 | < 0.001b |
Platelet count, mean ± SD (109/l) | 195.21 ± 78.72 | 180.20 ± 61.35 | 0.129b |
mRS 4–6 [n (%)] | 48 (42.1) | 41 (42.3) | 0.981c |
Factors Associated with the Volume and Location of Hematoma
Variable | Mild to moderate hematoma (n = 123) | Large hematoma (n = 88) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean ± SD (year) | 56.57 ± 11.61 | 56.49 ± 12.55 | 0.059a |
Male sex [n (%)] | 79 (64.2) | 63 (71.6) | 0.261b |
BMI, median (IQR) (kg/m2) | 23.30 (21.95–24.51) | 23.77 (22.44–24.96) | 0.226c |
Smoking history [n (%)] | 16 (13.0) | 22 (25.0) | 0.025b |
Alcohol history [n (%)] | 11 (8.9) | 16 (18.2) | 0.048b |
Hypertension [n (%)] | 97 (78.9) | 54 (61.4) | 0.005b |
Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 2 (1.6) | 1 (1.1) | 1.000b |
Coronary heart disease [n (%)] | 6 (4.9) | 7 (8.0) | 0.359b |
Stroke history [n (%)] | 8 (6.5) | 9 (10.2) | 0.327b |
Antithrombotic agent history [n (%)] | 4 (3.3) | 2 (2.3) | 0.998b |
Supratentorial hemorrhage [n (%)] | |||
Basal ganglia | 45 (36.6) | 37 (42.0) | 0.422b |
Lobar | 37 (30.1) | 29 (33.0) | 0.657b |
Thalamus | 32 (26.0) | 22 (25.0) | 0.868b |
Infratentorial hemorrhage [n (%)] | |||
Brainstem | 9 (7.3) | 7 (8.0) | 0.863b |
Cerebellum | 7 (5.7) | 7 (8.0) | 0.515b |
IVH [n (%)] | 40 (32.5) | 66 (75) | < 0.001b |
SAH [n (%)] | 10 (8.1) | 25 (28.4) | < 0.001b |
Laboratory examination | |||
TG, median (IQR) (mmol/l) | 1.00 (0.81–1.43) | 0.87 (0.64–1.25) | 0.011c |
HDL, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 1.16 ± 0.34 | 1.28 ± 0.35 | 0.012a |
LDL, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 2.50 ± 0.94 | 2.34 ± 0.87 | 0.215a |
TC, mean ± SD (mmol/l) | 4.08 ± 1.14 | 4.05 ± 1.07 | 0.811a |
Hemoglobin, mean ± SD (g/l) | 157.95 ± 29.86 | 174.92 ± 37.29 | 0.001a |
Platelet count, mean ± SD (109/l) | 201.19 ± 77.03 | 170.31 ± 58.77 | 0.001a |
Variables | P value | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Age (year) | > 0.05 | 0.981 (0.953–1.010) |
Smoking history | > 0.05 | 1.262 (0.464–3.432) |
Alcohol history | > 0.05 | 2.655 (0.900–7.833) |
Hypertension | > 0.05 | 0.528 (0.247–1.125) |
IVH | < 0.001 | 6.796 (3.197–14.446) |
SAH | > 0.05 | 1.534 (0.556–4.237) |
TG (mmol/l) | > 0.05 | 0.735 (0.436–1.240) |
HDL (mmol/l) | 0.019 | 3.839 (1.243–11.860) |
Hemoglobin (g/l) | 0.023 | 1.013 (1.002–1.024) |
Platelet count (109/l) | 0.001 | 0.990 (0.984–0.996) |
Sex | Basal ganglia group | Nonbasal ganglia group | P value | Adjusted P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 165.67 ± 28.98 | 178.23 ± 32.62 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.986 (0.975–0.998) |
Female | 154.36 ± 28.66 | 146.17 ± 35.50 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Total | 162.63 ± 29.15 | 166.55 ± 36.96 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Sex | Lobar group | Nonlobar group | P value | Adjusted P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 181.43 ± 32.42 | 169.10 ± 30.69 | 0.031 | 0.044 | 1.013 (1.000–1.026) |
Female | 150.45 ± 43.00 | 148.00 ± 28.49 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Total | 171.11 ± 38.85 | 162.26 ± 31.50 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Sex | Thalamus group | Nonthalamus group | P value | Adjusted P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 172.09 ± 31.81 | 173.16 ± 31.74 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Female | 143.14 ± 30.60 | 151.43 ± 34.75 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Total | 160.30 ± 34.19 | 166.66 ± 34.06 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Sex | IVH group | Non-IVH group | P value | Adjusted P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 179.60 ± 34.97 | 166.78 ± 27.05 | 0.017 | > 0.05 | 1.010 (0.996–1.024) |
Female | 148.68 ± 30.98 | 148.90 ± 36.85 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Total | 168.52 ± 36.61 | 161.50 ± 31.18 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Sex | SAH group | Non-SAH group | P value | Adjusted P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 198.36 ± 36.44 | 167.49 ± 27.81 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | 1.027 (1.010–1.045) |
Female | 145.60 ± 48.29 | 149.32 ± 30.83 | > 0.05 | Nonea | Nonea |
Total | 183.29 ± 46.25 | 161.40 ± 30.03 | 0.010 | 0.016 | 1.014 (1.003–1.026) |