nach oben

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Erschienen in:

01.04.2013 | Original Paper

Lifetime traumatic experiences and their impact on PTSD: a general population study

verfasst von: Karoline Lukaschek, Johannes Kruse, Rebecca Thwing Emeny, Maria Elena Lacruz, Alexander von Eisenhart Rothe, Karl-Heinz Ladwig

Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Ausgabe 4/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Objective

Exploring the relationship of exposure to a traumatic event and the subsequent onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the population.

Methods

Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES), Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and interview data. Logistic regression analyses with sex, age, marital status, educational level and traumatic event characteristics were performed. Prevalences were standardised to the sex and age distribution of the German population.

Results

A total of 41 % of the subjects reported exposure to a trauma, leading to full PTSD in 1.7 % and to partial PTSD in 8.8 % of the participants. Logistic regression revealed accidents (OR 2.5, 95 % CI 1.3–4.7), nonsexual assault by known assailants (4.5, 2.1–9.8), combat/war experiences (5.9, 2.0–17.4), life-threatening illness (4.9, 2.7–8.9) and interpersonal conflicts (15.5, 2.5–96.0) as risk factors for full PTSD; risk factors for partial PTSD were accidents (3.2, 2.4–4.3), sexual (4.6, 2.2–9.6) or nonsexual (2.3, 1.4–3.8) assault by known assailants, life-threatening illness (6.2, 4.6–8.3), death of relatives (5.0, 3.2–7.8) and interpersonal conflicts (22.0, 8.3–58.1).

Conclusions

Of subjects exposed to traumatic events, only a minority developed PTSD indicating a relationship between characteristics of the exposure and the individual and the onset of PTSD.

International Classification of Diseases (1992) Tenth Revision (ICD-10)

Green B, Schnurr PP (2000) Trauma and physical health. Clin Q 9:3–5

Wilson J (2004) PTSD and complex PTSD. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM (eds) Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press, New York, pp 7–44

Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P (1998) Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(7):626–632PubMedCrossRef

Creamer M, Burgess P, McFarlane AC (2001) Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of mental health and well-being. Psychol Med 31(7):1237–1247PubMedCrossRef

Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52(12):1048–1060PubMedCrossRef

Hapke U, Schumann A, Rumpf HJ, John U, Meyer C (2006) Post-traumatic stress disorder: the role of trauma, pre-existing psychiatric disorders, and gender. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256(5):299–306PubMedCrossRef

Hauffa R, Rief W, Brahler E, Martin A, Mewes R, Glaesmer H (2011) Lifetime traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder in the German population: results of a representative population survey. J Nerv Ment Dis 199(12):934–939PubMedCrossRef

Maercker A, Forstmeier S, Wagner B, Glaesmer H, Brahler E (2008) Post-traumatic stress disorder in Germany. Results of a nationwide epidemiological study. Nervenarzt 79(5):577–586PubMedCrossRef

10.

Perkonigg A, Kessler RC, Storz S, Wittchen HU (2000) Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101(1):46–59PubMedCrossRef

11.

Spitzer C, Barnow S, Volzke H, John U, Freyberger HJ, Grabe HJ (2009) Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and physical illness: findings from the general population. Psychosom Med 71(9):1012–1017PubMedCrossRef

12.

Sareen J, Cox BJ, Stein MB, Afifi TO, Fleet C, Asmundson GJ (2007) Physical and mental comorbidity, disability, and suicidal behavior associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community sample. Psychosom Med 69(3):242–248PubMedCrossRef

13.

Bramsen I, van der Ploeg HM (1999) Fifty years later: the long-term psychological adjustment of ageing World War II survivors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100(5):350–358PubMedCrossRef

14.

Eytan A, Gex-Fabry M (2011) Use of healthcare services 8 years after the war in Kosovo: role of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Eur J Public Health. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr096

15.

Green BL, Grace MC, Lindy JD, Gleser GC, Leonard A (1990) Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry 147(6):729–733PubMed

16.

Litz BT, Orsillo SM, Friedman M, Ehlich P, Batres A (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with peacekeeping duty in Somalia for US military personnel. Am J Psychiatry 154(2):178–184PubMed

17.

Perrin MA, DiGrande L, Wheeler K, Thorpe L, Farfel M, Brackbill R (2007) Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. Am J Psychiatry 164(9):1385–1394PubMedCrossRef

18.

Marshall RD, Galea S, Kilpatrick D (2002) Psychiatric consequences of September 11. JAMA 288(21):2683–2684PubMedCrossRef

19.

Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(3):216–222PubMedCrossRef

20.

Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Peterson EL, Lucia VC (1999) Vulnerability to assaultive violence: further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 29(4):813–821PubMedCrossRef

21.

Breslau N (2002) Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry 47(10):923–929PubMed

22.

Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS, Saunders BE, Best CL (1993) Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol 61(6):984–991PubMedCrossRef

23.

Breslau N (2009) The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma Violence Abuse 10(3):198–210PubMedCrossRef

24.

Rathmann W, Haastert B, Icks A, Lowel H, Meisinger C, Holle R, Giani G (2003) High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in Southern Germany: target populations for efficient screening. The KORA survey 2000. Diabetologia 46(2):182–189PubMed

25.

Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior (2011) Federal statistics of criminality in Bavaria

26.

Holle R, Happich M, Lowel H, Wichmann HE (2005) KORA—a research platform for population based health research. Gesundheitswesen 67(Suppl 1):S19–S25PubMedCrossRef

27.

Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K (1997) The validation of a self-report measure pf posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol Assess 9:445–451CrossRef

28.

Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W (1979) Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 41(3):209–218PubMed

29.

Norris FH (1992) Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol 60(3):409–418PubMedCrossRef

30.

Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T, Brandes D, Sahar T, Orr SP, Pitman RK (1998) Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Am J Psychiatry 155(5):630–637PubMed

31.

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):593–602PubMedCrossRef

32.

Medina-Morca Icaza ME, Borges-Guimaraes G, Lara C (2005) Prevalence of violent events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Mexican population. Salud Publica Mex 47:8–22

33.

Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S et al (2004) Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 420:21–27PubMed

34.

Perkonigg A, Pfister H, Stein MB, Hofler M, Lieb R, Maercker A, Wittchen HU (2005) Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Am J Psychiatry 162(7):1320–1327PubMedCrossRef

35.

Davidson JR, Hughes D, Blazer DG, George LK (1991) Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol Med 21(3):713–721PubMedCrossRef

36.

Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L (1987) Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Findings of the epidemiologic catchment area survey. N Engl J Med 317(26):1630–1634PubMedCrossRef

37.

Nemeroff CB, Bremner JD, Foa EB, Mayberg HS, North CS, Stein MB (2006) Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review. J Psychiatr Res 40(1):1–21PubMedCrossRef

38.

Rosenberg HJ, Rosenberg SD, Wolford GL, Manganiello PD, Brunette MF, Boynton RA (2000) The relationship between trauma, PTSD, and medical utilization in three high risk medical populations. Int J Psychiatry Med 30(3):247–259PubMedCrossRef

39.

Stein MB, Walker JR, Forde DR (2000) Gender differences in susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 38(6):619–628PubMedCrossRef

40.

Tolin D, Foa EB (2002) Gender and PTSD: a cognitive model. In: Kimerling R, Quimette P, Wolfe J (eds) Gender and PTSD. Guilford Press, New York, pp 76–97

41.

Breslau N (2001) The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: what is the extent of the problem? J Clin Psychiatry 62(Suppl 17):16–22PubMed

42.

Glaesmer H, Brahler E, Gundel H, Riedel-Heller SG (2011) The association of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder with physical morbidity in old age: a German population-based study. Psychosom Med 73(5):401–406PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Lifetime traumatic experiences and their impact on PTSD: a general population study
verfasst von: Karoline Lukaschek
Johannes Kruse
Rebecca Thwing Emeny
Maria Elena Lacruz
Alexander von Eisenhart Rothe
Karl-Heinz Ladwig
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2013
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Ausgabe 4/2013
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0585-7

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Lifetime traumatic experiences and their impact on PTSD: a general population study