Background
Prostate cancer (PCa) is identified as a type of the most common male malignancies in the world, with an increasing incidence and mortality in recent years [
1‐
3]. The epidemiological survey shows that in the past 10 years, the developed degree of a country is negatively correlated with the death rate of PCa patients, that is, the more backward the country, the higher the fatality rate of PCa [
4]. Considering the clinical value of PCa, the occurrence of tumors and effective treatment methods need to be studied in-depth.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were initially identified as the “garbage” of genomic transcription. Nevertheless, recent researches have elucidated that lncRNAs are involved in regulating molecular processes, such as X-chromosome silencing, gene imprinting, chromatin modification, transcriptional activation, transcriptional interference, and intra-nuclear transport, which begin to attract widespread attention [
5‐
10]. During the development of PCa, lncRNAs play an important regulatory role. For instance, androgen-induced lncRNA SOCS2-AS1 facilitates PCa cell proliferation and prohibits apoptosis [
11]. LncRNA MALAT-1 is recognized as a newly-found possible therapy target for PCa with castration resistance [
12]. Low BDNF-AS expression is related to the unsatisfactory prognosis of PCa patients [
13]. Further, LINC00689 has recently drawn attention when studying its role in cancer progression. However, the number of the concerned research is limited [
14]. Therefore, the regulation mechanism of LINC00689 in PCa remains a novel topic of concern in this study.
In our research, LINC00689 promotes cell proliferation, migration, invasion as well as suppresses cell apoptosis via regulating miR-496/CTNNB1 to activate Wnt pathway, which may contribute to find a fresh target for PCa treatment.
Methods
Tissue samples
80 patients chosen from Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University were included in this research. None of the patients underwent chemo- or radiation therapy. Following surgical resection, tumor tissues were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently stored at − 80 °C for further use. The present research was favored by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University. Informed consent was attained from all the patients.
Cell culture
Normal prostate epithelial cell (RWPE1) and PCa cells (DU145, LNCaP, PC-3 and C42B) were bought from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were cultured in line with previous description [
15]. They were cultured with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics in DMEM (Gibco, Rockville, MD, USA). In order to activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, DU145 cells were treated with lithium chloride (LiCl; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 24 h.
Cell transfection
Specific shRNAs against LINC00689 (sh-LINC00689#1 and sh-LINC00689#2) and their corresponding NC (sh-NC), as well as the pcDNA3.1 vector containing the whole sequence of LINC00689 or CTNNB1 and the empty vector, were attained from Genechem (Shanghai, China). The miR-496 mimics, miR-496 inhibitors, NC mimics and NC inhibitors were constructed by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). By use of Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), plasmids mentioned were individually transfected into DU145 or LNCaP cells in 24-well plates for 48 h. Sequences for shRNAs were listed as follows: sh-NC: CCGG TCTTGCGTCGTCTGTCTATAC CTCGAG GTATAGACAGACGACGCAAGA TTTTTG; sh-LINC00689#1: CCGG GCGTCTTTCCTTCTGTTAAGC CTCGAG GCTTAACAGAAGGAAAGACGC TTTTTG; CCGG GCTTCTGCTTTCCTGAAATTC CTCGAG GAATTTCAGGAAAGCAGAAGC TTTTTG. Plasmids’ sequences were shown as follows: NC mimics: gcugcauaucaguaucuacaug; miR-496 mimics: ugaguauuacauggccaaucuc; NC inhibitors: uagacaggcauguaauguacuc; miR-496 inhibitors: gagauuggccauguaauacuca.
RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction)
Total RNAs were extracted from tissues or cells by utilizing TRIzol reagents (Invitrogen), and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA in line with the protocol of a reverse transcriptase kit (Takara, Dalian, China). Next, RT-qPCR was undertaken with TB Green Premix ExTaq II (Takara) at the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Relative gene expression was normalized to GAPDH or U6. Quantification of relative gene expression was conducted via comparative 2−∆∆Ct approach. Assay was undertaken in at least triplicate. Primer sequences were listed as follows: LINC00689 (F): AGTTGGTACAGGGAGGGGTT; LINC00689 (R): GTCCCTCTTGGTGGAGTTGG; miR-496 (R): tgagtattacatggccaatctc; miR-496 (F): GCCGAGtgagtattacatggcc; GAPDH (F): GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT; GAPDH (R): GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG; U6 (F): CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA; U6 (R): AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT; CTNNB1 (F): ACGGAGGAAGGTCTGAGGAG; CTNNB1 (R): AGCCGCTTTTCTGTCTGGT.
MTT (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) assay
Cell viability was explored with the MTT assay kit (Invitrogen). In short, transfected DU145 or LNCaP cells were seeded at the density of 1 × 103 cells per well to 96-well plates, washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Sigma-Aldrich) and sequentially incubated for 4 h using MTT solution. Upon incubation, medium was exchanged into DMSO and cells were incubated for 10 min. OD490 nm value was read with a microplate reader. Assay was implemented in at least triplicate.
Transfected DU145 or LNCaP cells were harvested after 48 h and added onto 6-well plates. 14 days later, cells were fixed by 4% formaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min, stained for 5 min in 0.1% crystal violet solution (Sigma-Aldrich). Colonies were photographed by a camera (Canon, Japan) and the visible colonies containing over 50 cells were counted, manually. Assay was performed in at least triplicate.
Cell apoptosis assay
The Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD, San Diego, CA, USA) was employed to examine cell apoptosis. Transfected DU145 or LNCaP cells were washed in cold PBS, followed by re-suspended in 6-well plates with 200 μL binding buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) adding fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled annexin V and PI (Sigma-Aldrich). Upon incubation without light for 30 min, 300 μL binding buffer was supplemented. Flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) was conducted for analysis. Assay was conducted in at least triplicate.
Caspase-3 activity assay
Transfected DU145 or LNCaP cells were lysed in lysis buffer (Invitrogen) and cell protein extracts were added in Ac-DEVD-AMC (Beyotime, Haimen, China) and sequentially incubated for 1 h. The caspase-3 activity kit was procured from Beyotime and used as required. Suspension was then placed in the influorescence spectrometer (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) so as to analyze influorescent intensity at 405 nm. This assay was conducted in at least triplicate.
Transwell assay
On the one hand, transfected DU145 or LNCaP cells (1 × 105) were added in the upper uncoated (for migration) or 0.5 mm of standard Matrigel (Cat#356234, BD)-coated (for invasion) transwell chambers (8 μm pore size; BD) with serum-free medium. On the other hand, culture medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; PAN-Biotech, Adenbach, Bagolia, Germany) was loaded to the lower wells. 24 h later, the non-migratory or non-invasive cells were wiped out. The filters were fixed, and stained by crystal violet solution. Five randomly picked fields were counted per chamber using the inverted microscope (4 × objective lens). This assay was performed in at least triplicate.
Luciferase reporter assay
LINC00689 or CTNNB1 3′UTR fragments covering wild-type and mutant miR-496 binding sites were inserted into the pmirGLO dual-luciferase plasmid (Promega), and pmirGLO-LINC00689-WT/Mut or pmirGLO-CTNNB1 3′UTR-WT/Mut was thus formed. The pmirGLO-LINC00689-WT/Mut was co-transfected into DU145 or LNCaP cells with miR-496 mimics or NC mimics. The pmirGLO-CTNNB1 3′UTR-WT/Mut was co-transfected into DU145 or LNCaP cells with miR-496 mimics or miR-496 mimics + pcDNA3.1/LINC00689 or NC mimics. For detecting luciferase activities, dual luciferase reporter assay system (Promega) was applied. This assay was undertaken in at least triplicate.
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)
The RIP assay was implemented via a Magna RIP RNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation Kit (Bersinbio, Guangzhou, China). DU145 or LNCaP cells were lysed adopting RIP lysis buffer. Cell lysates were then divided into two equivalent parts for incubating with either anti-Ago2 antibody (ab32381, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) or non-specific anti-IgG antibody (ab190475, Abcam). Magnetic beads (Invitrogen) were supplemented to cell lysates and incubation was continued for 1 h, after which were incubated with Proteinase K (Absin, Shanghai, China) for 1 h at 55 °C. Detection of the enriched RNA was subjected to RT-qPCR. Assay was undertaken in at least triplicate.
Western blot
Transfected DU145 or LNCaP cells with or without LiCl treatment were lysed in RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with additional blends of protease inhibitors (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Lysate was collected and subjected to SDS-PAGE (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), after which were transferred onto PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad). Upon incubation with Blocking One reagent (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan), membranes were blotted by primary antibodies against CTNNB1 (SAB2701829, Sigma-Aldrich), β-catenin (ab32572, Abcam), CCND1 (SAB1405510, Sigma-Aldrich), CDK2 (ab32147, Abcam), c-MYC (ab32072, Abcam), and GAPDH (ab245356, Abcam) and then by HRP-labeled secondary antibodies. The signals were monitored after washing using the ECL Western blot kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Assay was undertaken in at least triplicate.
TOP/FOP flash
DU145 cells were co-transfected with sh-LINC00689#1 or sh-LINC00689#1 + pcDNA3.1/CTNNB1 or sh-LINC00689#1 + LiCl or sh-NC and TOP Flash or FOP Flash plasmids (Upstate Biotechnology, Lake Placid, NY, USA). For detecting luciferase activities, dual luciferase reporter assay system (Promega) was applied. Assay was undertaken in at least triplicate.
Statistical analysis
All assays were undertaken in triplicate. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For analyzing the experimental data which were expressed as mean ± SD, SPSS 17.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used. Student’s t-test was conducted for comparing two groups, and one-way ANOVA was for comparing multiple groups. Survival rate was assayed with Kaplan–Meier approach, and difference was analyzed by a log-rank test.
Discussion
PCa is one of the most prevalent malignancies for men [
18,
19]. Additionally, the older man is, and the more likely he is to suffer from PCa, and 70–80 years old is the peak of having PCa [
20]. Nonetheless, family hereditary PCa occurs when men are relatively young, and nearly half of patients with family hereditary PCa are under 56 [
21]. The therapeutic methods of PCa include chemotherapy, radiation treatment and operation. Currently, proton therapy has no damage to non-tumor tissue and is a safe and effective way for treating PCa [
22]. Nevertheless, the exact etiology and pathogenesis of PCa are poorly comprehended. Therefore, efforts are needed to explore more effective and specific measures to prevent PCa.
And previous studies have confirmed the role of lncRNAs in the initiation and development of diverse cancers, such as gastric cancer [
23,
24], hepatocellular carcinoma [
25,
26], renal carcinoma [
27,
28], breast cancer [
29,
30]. Regarding PCa, there have been some related studies about the role of lncRNAs [
31‐
33]. Nonetheless, the function of LINC00689 in PCa had not been illustrated yet. In our research, LINC00689 exhibited extremely high expression in PCa tissues and cells compared with control groups. Further, the expression of LINC00689 in patients with advanced PCa was higher than that in patients with early PCa. Meanwhile, the higher the expression of LINC00689, the shorter the overall survival time of patients with PCa. Subsequently, depletion of LINC00689 inhibited PCa cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but promoted PCa cell apoptosis, indicating that LINC00689 served as an oncogene in PCa.
LncRNAs usually sponge with microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancers [
34‐
36]. In this study, LINC00689 could bind with miR-496, and LINC00689 negatively modulated the expression of miR-496. In addition, the tumor suppressor role of miR-496 has been illustrated in non-small cell lung cancer [
37], lung adenocarcinoma [
38], bladder cancer [
39], and osteosarcoma [
40]. In the present study, miR-496 suppression could neutralize the inhibitory effects of LINC00689 silencing on PCa cell progression, suggesting the anti-tumor function of miR-496 in PCa. In other words, LINC00689 could promote the development of PCa via inhibiting miR-496.
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are indispensable members of ceRNA together with lncRNAs and miRNAs in cancer progression [
41‐
43]. In our study, CTNNB1 acted as a target gene of miR-496, and the expression of CTNNB1 was separately negatively and positively regulated by miR-496 and LINC00689 in PCa. Furthermore, LINC00689 could regulate CTNNB1 via sponging miR-496. In addition, Wnt is identified as an important pathway to regulate cell growth, apoptosis, migration and invasion [
44‐
46]. In this study, LINC00689 knockdown inhibited Wnt pathway, and CTNNB1 upregulation rescued this restraining effect. In addition, overexpressing CTNNB1 counteracted the prohibitive impacts of LINC00689 insufficiency on cell proliferation, migration and invasion as well as the stimulating function of that on cell apoptosis.
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