Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
References | Type of study | No. of pts, sex, age, mean (range) | MRI–injury time sequences | Follow-up (months) | Edema size grading | Edema distribution | Prevalence and progression | Correlation with other joint lesions and prognosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mink [64] | NR | 25, NR, NR | ≤ 2 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1 | 2 | NR | NR | 72% | NR | NR |
Cobby [14] | NR | 103, 75 M, 28 F, 38 (15–70) | NR, 1.5T, seq NS | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Speer [76] | Retrospective | 54, 30 M, 24 F, 28 (14–44) | ≤ 45 dd, 1.5 T, seq T1, spin density, and T2 | NR | NR | NR | 83% | NR | NR |
Graf [39] | NR | 98, NR, NR | ≤ 6 weeks; 7 weeks–6 mm; >6 mm, 1.5 T, seq T1 and T2 | NR | Area | 30 LTP, 38 LFC 12 MTP, 9 MFC | 48% | NR | NR |
Spindler [78] | Prospective | 54, NR, 24.5 | ≤ 3 mm, 1.0 or 1.5 T, seq T1, T2 and GE | NR | NR | 29 LTP, 37 LFC 9 MTP, 3 MFC | 80% | NR | Osteochondral |
Tung [88] | Retrospective | 99, 62 M, 37 F, 31 (14–47) | ≤ 20.5 and 16.9 weeks, 1.5 and 1.0 T, seq T1, T2 and PD | NR | NR | 15 LTP, 13 LFC 7 MFC | 26% | NR | NR |
Nawata [66] | Retrospective | 56, 26 M, 30 F, 28 (13–59) | ≤ 1; 1–12;≥ 12 mm, 1.0 and 1.5 T, seq T2, and PD | NR | NR | 17 LTP, 19 LFC 1 MFC | 36% | NR | NR |
Gentili [37] | Retrospective | 89, 62 M, 27 F, 30 (16–75) | ≤ 1; 1–3; > 3 mm. 1.5 T, seq T2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Speer [77] | Retrospective | 42, 20 M, 22 F, 32 (16–58) | ≤ 1 mm, 0.35, 0.50 and 1.5 T, seq T1, T2 SE and GE | NR | Area | 34 LTP, 17 LFC 12 MTP, 4 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Stein [79] | Retrospective | 20, 10 M, 10 F, 24 (13–48) | ≤ 4 dd(1 to 23 dd), 1.5 T, seq PD and T2 | 40 (24 to 73) | NR | 20 LTP, 13 LFC 3 MTP, 1 PAT | 100% | NR | NR |
Zeiss [102] | Retrospective | 71, 37 M, 34 F, (14–36) | ≤ 1 mm, 1.5 T, seq GE, T1 and T2 | NR | NR | NR | 36.60% | NR | NR |
Brandser [9] | Retrospective | 74, NR, NR | ≤ 6 weeks, 1.5 T, seq PD, T2 and T1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Yeung [98] | NR | 16, 10 M, 6 F, 25 (13–43) | 6 dd to 3 y, 0.5 and 1.5 T, seq T1, SE, GE, T2, PD, T1 TSE and TFE | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Johnson [48] | Prospective | 10, 10 M, 21 (15–36) | ≤ 2 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Dimond [23] | Retrospective | 87, 50 M, 37 F, 29 (16–43) | ≤ 6 weeks, seq T1, T2 and PD | NR | NR | 30 LTP, 24 LFC 4 MTP, 11 MFC | 68% | NR | NR |
Lahm [56] | Prospective | 38, NR, 31 | NR, seq T1, T2 and STIR | 5.5 and 40.8 | NR | NR | 62% | NR | NR |
Faber [27] | Retrospective | 23, 18 M, 5 F, 30 (20–49) | ≤ 12 dd 1.5 T, seq T1 and T2 FSE | 72 | NR | 23 LTP, 23 LFC | NR | 65% | NR |
Kaplan[49] | Retrospective | 25, 20 M, 5 F, 28 (16–52) | ≤ 4 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1, GRE, WE DESS and STIR | NR | NR | 25 LTP, 24 LFC | NR | NR | NR |
Lee [58] | Retrospective | 19, 5 M, 14 F, (5–16) | ≤ 2; 2–8;> 8 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1 and T2 | NR | NR | NR | 68% | NR | NR |
Johnson [47] | Prospective | 40, NR, 18 (15–23) | ≤ 1 week, NR, seq NS | 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Costa-Paz [16] | Cohort study | 21, 15 M, 6 F, 31 (20–58) | NR | 34 | NR | 11 LTP, 16 LFC 1 MTP, 1 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Fang [28] | Prospective | 12, 9 M, 3 F, 18 (17–23) | NR | NR | NR | 12 LTP, 12 LFC | NR | NR | NR |
Bretlau [10] | Prospective | 64, 33 M, 31 F, 36 (15–68) | ≤ 5 dd, 0.1 T, seq T2, PD 3D-GE and STIR | 4 and 12 | NR | 13 LTP, 8 LFC 8 MTP, 5 MFC | 63% | NR | NR |
Chen [12] | Retrospective | 32, 22 M, 10 F, 29 | < 6; > 6 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1, T, GE and PD | NR | NR | NR | 63% | NR | NR |
Fayad [29] | Retrospective | 84, 42 M, 42 F, (16–39) | NS, 1.5 T, seq T1, T2, T2 FS and FSE | NR | NR | 62 LTP, 50 LFC 35 MTP, 4 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Davies [19] | Prospective | 30, 16 M, 14 F, 28 (17–39) | ≤ 3.4 weeks, 1.0 T, seq T1, GE and STIR | 3,2 | Volume | NR | NR | NR | Osteochondral |
Terzidis [83] | NR | 255, 197 M, 58 F, 24 | ≤ 1; 2–4 mm, 1.0 T, seq T1 SE, T2 and STIR | 31 | NR | 4 LTP, 29 LFC 4 MTP,5 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Tiderius [87] | NR | 24, 14 M, 10 F, 27 (17–40) | ≤ 3 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1 Gd | NR | Area | 6 LTP, 15 LFC | 96% | NR | Osteochondral |
Fithian [33] | Prospective | 209, 101 M, 108 F, 39 (16–69) | ≤ 4 weeks, 1.5 T, seq NR | 79 | NR | NR | 53% | NR | NR |
Vincken [91] | Prospective | 664, 460 M, 204 F, (16–45) | ≤ 4 weeks, 0.5 T, seq DSE and 3D T1 GE | 6 | NR | 43 LTP, 44 LFC 31 MTP, 7 MFC 6 PAT | 18.70% | NR | LM MCL–LCL |
Wu [97] | Pilot study | 52, 22 M, 30 F, NR | NS 1.0 T, seq FSE, FS T1, GE, T1 FSE and T2 FS FSE | NR | Beattie and colleagues | NR | 7.70% | NR | NR |
Hernandez-Molina [44] | NR | 258, 148 M, 110 F, 67 | NR, 1.5 T, seq SE PD, T2, SE, FS and PD | 15 and 30 | NR | NR | 53.80% | NR | Osteochondral |
Nishimori [67] | NR | 39, 25 M, 14 F, 23 (14–55) | ≤ 8 dd, 0.3 T, seq SE PD and T2 | NR | NR | NR | 89.70% | NR | Osteochondral LM |
Collins [15] | Retrospective | 48, 26 M, 22 F, 29 | ≤ 6 mm, 1.5 T, seq FSE PD, FS FSE T2, T2 GRE, CSE PD and CSE T2 | NR | NR | NR | 33% | NR | NR |
Hanypsiak [41] | Cohort study | 54, NR, NR | ≤ 3 weeks, 1.0 T, seq T1, PD, T2, T2 FS and FLASH | 153 (141–165) | NR | 29 LTP, 37 LFC 9 MTP, 3 MFC | 80% | 0% | NR |
Atkinson [5] | Retrospective | 1546, NR, NR | 0–4, 4–10, 10–26 and 26–52 weeks, 1.5 T, seq multiplanar FS | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | MM LM MCL |
Viskontas [92] | Prospective | 100, 69 M, 31 F, 29 (13–61) | ≤ 6 weeks, 1.5 T, seq FS and FSE | NR | Area ICRS | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Frobell [36] | RCT | 121, 89 M, 32 F, 26 | ≤ 19 ± 6.5 dd, 1.5 T, seq 3D-FLASH, T2 3D-GRE, DETSE and STIR | NR | Volume | NR | 98% | NR | Cortical depression fractures |
Bolbos [8] | Retrospective | 31, 22 M, 9 F, 31 | ≤ 2 mm, 3 T, seq 2D T2 FS FSE and 3D-SPGR | NR | Area | 13 LTP, 9 LFC | 93% | NR | Osteochondral |
Frobell [35] | NR | 58, 42 M, 16 F, 26 | ≤ 5 weeks, 1.5 T, seq 3D-FLASH, T2 3D-GRE, DETSE and STIR | 3, 6 and 12 | Volume | NR | 100% | NR | NR |
Xiaojuan [59] | Prospective | 38, 28 M, 10 F, 35 (20–66) | ≤ 2 mm, 3 T, seq T2 FS FSE, SPGR and 3D MRSI | NR | Volume | NR | NR | NR | Osteochondral |
Halinen [40] | Prospective | 44, 19 M, 25 F, 39 (21–64) | NS, 0.23 T or 1.5 T, seq T1, T2, FSE, DE, SE, FS, PD FSE, PD SE and STIR | NR | NR | NR | 88.60% | NR | NR |
Yoon [99] | Retrospective | 145, 124 M, 21 F, 31 (10–56) | ≤ 6 weeks; 1.5–3 mm; 3–12 mm; >12 mm, 1.5 T, seq T1, T2 FS, PD, PD DE and FS | NR | Area | NR | 60.70% | NR | NR |
Dunn [26] | Prospective | 525, 304 M, 221 F, 23 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Quelard [73] | Prospective | 217, 139 M, 78 F, 29 (14–62) | ≤ 6 mm, NR | 1.5 and 3 | NR | 156 LTP, 104 LFC | 72% | NR | NR |
Theologis [84] | Cohort study | 9, 5 M, 4 F, 35 (27–45) | ≤ 8 weeks, 3 T, seq T2 FS FSE | 0.5, 6 and 12 | Volume | NR | NR | NR | Osteochondral |
Frobell [34] | NR | 61, 45 M, 16 F, 26 | NR, 1.5 T, seq FLASH, T2, DETSE and STIR | 3, 6, 12 and 24 | Volume | 58 LTP, 47 LFC | NR | NR | NR |
Yoon [101] | Retrospective | 80, 58 M, 22 F, 30 | ≤ 8 dd, 1.5 T, seq T1 and T2 | NR | NR | 50 LTP, 46 LFC 18 MTP, 16 MFC | 84% | NR | MM LM |
Jelić [46] | NR | 120, 88 M, 32 F, 31 | ≤ 1 mm, 0.3 T, seq SE T1W1, FS T2W1 and STIR | NR | NR | 18 LFC, 4 MFC | 33% | NR | MM LM |
Potter [72] | Prospective | 40, 16 M, 24 F, 37 (15–53) | ≤ 8 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T2 and CPMG | 132 | Area | 36 LTP, 30 LFC | NR | NR | Osteochondral |
Van Dyck [89] | Retrospective | 97, 62 M, 35 F, 49 (12–81) | ≤ 6 weeks, 1.5 and 3.0 T, seq FS TSE WI, SE T1 WI, TSE PD and T2 WI | NR | NR | NR | 41% | NR | NR |
Kijowski [50] | Retrospective | 114, 57 M, 57 F, 26 | ≤ 3 weeks, 1.5 and 3.0 T, seq T2 FS FSE and FSE | 12 | Volume | 106 LTP, 88 LFC 57 MTP, 30 MFC | 96% | NR | Cortical fractures |
Szkopek [81] | Prospective | 17, 10 M, 7 F, 28 (23–34) | ≤ 2 dd, 1.5 T, seq T2 FS, T1 and 3D Ge T2 | 0.5, 1 and 2 | Volume | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Yoon [100] | Retrospective | 151, 130 M, 21 F, 31 (10–56) | ≤ 6 weeks; 6 weeks − 3 mm; 3–12 mm;> 12 mm, 1.5 T, seq T1, T2 FS, PD, PD DE and FS | NR | Area | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Bisson [7] | Case control | 171, 89 M, 82 F, NR | ≤ 6 weeks, NR, seq NR | NR | Volume Area | 145 LTP, 132 LFC 44 MTP, 11 MFC | 90% | NR | LM |
Roemer [74] | NR | 62, 50 M, 12 F, 26 | NS, 1.5 T, seq 3D FLASH, T2 GRE, DETSE and STIR | 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 | Volume | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Chang [11] | Retrospective | 154, 130 M, 24 F, 32 (14–56) | < 3, > 3 mm, 1.5 T, seq FS T2, T1 and PD | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Wittstein [96] | Case series | 73, 28 M, 45 F, 16 | ≤ 6 weeks, 1.5 T, seq FS FSE T2 | NR | Volume | 67 LTP, 70 LFC 45 MTP, 31 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Wissman [94] | Retrospective | 7, 5 M, 2 F, NS | NR, 1.5–3 T, seq T2, FS FSE and PD | NR | NR | 4 LTP, 4 LFC 4 MTP, 4 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Illingworth [45] | Retrospective | 50, 26 M, 24 F, 19 | ≤ 30 dd, 1.5 T, seq T2 TSE FS, PD TSE, T1 SE and TSE PD | NR | Volume Area | NR | 86% | NR | Menisci |
Chin [13] | Retrospective | 88, 72 M, 16 F, 27 | ≤ 10 weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1 and T2 | NR | NR | 37 LTP, 43 LFC 23 MTP, 16 MFC, 4 PAT | 65.90% | NR | NR |
Wissman [95] | Retrospective | 132, 82 M, 50 F, 30 (14–70) | ≤ 4 weeks, 1.5 or 3 T, seq T2, FSE and PD | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Culvenor [17] | NR | 111, 71 M, 40 F, 26 (18–50) | ≤ 12 mm, 3 T, seq 3D PD VISTA, PD TSE and STIR | 12 | Area MOAKS | 15 LTP, 10 LFC 9 MTP, 10 MFC 5 PAT, 22 TRO | NR | NR | Osteochondral |
Herbst [43] | Retrospective | 500, NR, 29 | ≤ 1 mm, NR, seq NR | NR | Area | 396 LTP, 257 LFC | NR | NR | NR |
Kim [51] | Retrospective | 8, 5 M, 3 F, 23 (16–30) | ≤ 1 mm, 1.5 and 3 T, seq FSE | NR | Volume | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Filardo [32] | Retrospective | 134, 98 M, 36 F, 32 | ≤ 6 mm, 1.5 T, seq FSE, PD FS and dual FSE | 80 | Area WORMS | 22 LTP, 12 LFC 4 MTP, 4 MFC 2 PAT | 55.20% | NR | NR |
Pezeshki [71] | Prospective | 175, 149 M, 26 F, < 45 (18–45) | ≤ 1 mm, 0.3 T, seq T1 and T2 FS, fluid suppression, GE and T2 SE | 12 | Area | NR | 30,90% | NR | MM MCL |
Kluczynski [52] | Cross sectional | 59, 59 M, 23 | ≤ 6 weeks, NR, seq NR | NR | NR | 48 LTP, 46 LFC 14 MTP, 3 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Ahn [1] | Retrospective | 249, 33 M, 216 F, 38 (18–53) | ≤ 15.4 ± 15.6 (1–52) and 4.2 ± 5.7 (1–50) weeks, 1.5 T, seq T1, T2 and PD | NR | Area | NR | NR | NR | Meniscal injuries |
Culvenor [18] | Prospective | 93, 56 M, 37 F, 29 | NS, 3 T, seq PD VISTA, PD TSE and STIR | 12 and 36 | Area | NR | NR | 22% (12 mm) | NR |
Palmieri-Smith [68] | Prospective | 22, 10 M, 12 F, 20 | ≤ 2 weeks, 3 T, seq FSE and T2 | 12 | Area | 10 LTP, 11 LFC 2 PAT | NR | NR | Osteochondral |
Kluczynski [53] | Case control | 384, 209 M, 175 F, NS | ≤ 6 weeks, NS, seq NR | NR | NR | 290 LTP, 251 LFC 105 MTP, 27 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Song [75] | Retrospective | 193, 141 M, 52 F, 32.3 (15–55) | ≤ 6 weeks, 1.5 T, seq FS and T2 | NR | Area ICRS | 141 LTP, 117 LFC 41 MTP, 12 MFC | NR | NR | LM ALL |
Gong [38] | Prospective | 54, 31 M, 23 F, 30 | ≤ 55.5 ± 45.3 dd, 3 T, seq CUBE and T2 | 6, 12 and 24 | Volume WORMS | 33 LTP, 22 LFC 21 MTP, 6 MFC 4 PAT, 1 TRO | 77,80% | 20.7% 13.8% 87.2% | Osteochondral |
Helito [42] | Retrospective | 101, 79 M, 22 F, 33 | ≤ 3 weeks, 1.5 and 3.0 T, seq T1, T2 and PD | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Berger [6] | Retrospective | 220, 148 M, 72 F, 34 (16–71) | ≤ 8 weeks, 1.5 T, seq FS and T2 FSE | NR | Volume WORMS | 48 LTP, 44 LFC 43 MTP, 5 MFC 7 PAT | NR | NR | NR |
Wang [93] | Cross sectional | 130, 85 M, 45 F, (18–40) | NR, 1.5 and 3.0 T, seq T1 and PD FS SE | 24 and 36 | Volume | 130 LTP, 130 LFC 130 MTP, 130 MFC | NR | NR | NR |
Lattermann [57] | Prospective | 81, NR, 35 | NR, NS, seq T1, T2 and PD | 24 and 72 | Volume Costa-Paz | 76 LTP, 66 LFC 46 MTP, 20 MFC | 100% | NR | LM Osteochondral |
Thomas [85] | Descriptive laboratory study | 35, NR, 20 | NR, 3 T, seq PD and FS | NR | Area | 12 LTP, 12 LFC | NR | NR | NR |
Driban [25] | Cross sectional | 121, 89 M, 32 F, 26 (18–35) | ≤ 4 weeks (19 ± 6.5), 1.5 T, seq DETSE | NR | Volume | 116 LTP, 101 LFC 101 MTP, 64 MFC | 96% | NR | Depression fracture |
DePhillipo [20] | Case series | 50, 33 M, 17 F, 30 (14–61) | NR, 1.5 and 3.0 T, seq PD, FS and T2 | NR | NR | 36 MTP | 76% | NR | NR |
Temponi [82] | Retrospective | 162, NR, NR | ≤ 1 week, 1.5 T, seq NS | NR | NR | 24 LTP, 24 LFC 15 MTP, 9 MFC | 75% | NR | Superior popliteomeniscal fascicle |
Ali [2] | Retrospective | 25, 15 M, 10 F, 30 (13.5–55) | ≤ 24 dd (0–10 mm), 1.5 T, seq PD | NR | NR | 4 LTP, 2 LFC 4 MTP, 2 MFC | 60% | NR | LCL MCL |